Montaigne revendique en outre un défaut de mémoire spectaculaire, qui n'est pas sans rapport avec l'écriture des Essais. Une bonne mémoire est la condition nécessaire des ambitieuses carrières courtisanes dont le succès implique l'art du mensonge diplomatique. Condamné à la franchise par la nature qui l'en a totalement privé, Montaigne n'a pas le choix : il doit renoncer à la scène politique et s'essayer, chez lui, à un exercice de sincérité prolongé. Car, si cet amnésique prend la plume, ce n'est pas (comme, dans le Phèdre de Platon, Theuth le propose à Thamous) avec l'intention d'utiliser l'écriture comme un aide-mémoire, c'est au contraire pour pousser à bout ce défaut et en faire vertu. Platon, dans un autre dialogue (le Théétète), compare la mémoire à un morceau de cire sur lequel les perceptions impriment leur marque. Il suffira ici de rappeler l'étymologie (prétendue) de sincérité pour voir quel lien serré associe, chez Montaigne, le projet de se peindre et l'absence de mémoire : sinceritas viendrait en effet de sine cera, « sans cire ». Quand Montaigne veut vraiment se souvenir de quelque chose, il le « donne en garde à quelqu'autre » (II, 17).
Quelle que soit, du reste, la réalité de ce défaut de mémoire (le livre de Montaigne est truffé de milliers de rappels aussi bien personnels qu'historiques ou érudits), il s'agit d'un trait psychologique qui fait système avec l'ensemble des gestes par lesquels l'écriture de Montaigne se définit. L'amnésie (variante du scepticisme à cet égard) est impliquée dans le projet d'une écriture aristocratique, qui permettrait de distinguer, à la lecture, les têtes bien faites et les têtes bien pleines. Car la vénalité est, en dernière instance, la cible qu'attaque la pédagogie négative de Montaigne, cet apprentissage du non-savoir qui tient à se démarquer de l'étalage pédantesque auquel s'abaissent ceux qui vivent de leur plume. Écrire noblement exclut le projet roturier d'en faire un métier. Une écriture honorable doit être oisive et sans profit.
Conformément au programme des Essais, la pédagogie de Montaigne – qui vise à former « non un grammairien ou logicien, mais un gentilhomme » (I, 26) – déprécie tout ce qui concerne l'ameublement de la mémoire, faculté acquise, et valorise tout ce qui aide à exercer le jugement, faculté naturelle. Car la science reste extérieure à l'esprit qui s'en remplit la mémoire. Le scepticisme de Montaigne, en ce sens, n'est pas seulement un doute par lequel il suspend son adhésion à tel ou tel énoncé philosophique (et même à leur totalité), par cette suspension même il produit le « je » comme sujet de la phrase : « je ne sais pas ».
Montal (Robert Frickx, dit Robert)
Écrivain belge de langue française (Bruxelles 1927 – Brabant wallon 1998).
Poète, il quête sa place au sein de la nature, soit en odes lyriques, soit en cantilènes classiques (Poèmes du temps et de la mort, 1959 ; Topiques, 1979). Nouvelles et romans (Fleur d'Oronge, 1958 ; le Bon Sommeil, 1981) entremêlent réel et imaginaire. Animateur des Cahiers du Groupe du roman, Montal est aussi spécialiste de la littérature belge et de la littérature française des XIXe et XXe siècles.
Montale (Eugenio)
Poète italien (Gênes 1896 – Milan 1981).
La poétique de la réticence qui s'exprime dans son premier recueil (Os de seiche, 1925) fut à l'origine de l'hermétisme. Hermétique, la poésie de Montale, que couronnera le prix Nobel en 1975, l'est par la rareté de son lexique et de ses rythmes, la subtilité de ses références littéraires, par son épaisseur symbolique, ses ellipses et ses dissonances. Mais sur un fond de totale désolation, historique et intime, l'auteur esquisse aussi une thématique du salut et de la grâce liée aux menus hasards de la vie quotidienne qui inspirent son second recueil (les Occasions, 1939) et dont les poèmes en prose de Papillon de Dinard (1956) révèlent les clés autobiographiques. Ainsi, la Tourmente et autres poèmes (1956) narre l'horreur de la guerre pour interroger la condition existentielle du poète. Satura (1971), inspiré par la mort de sa femme, se distingue aussi par la préciosité enjouée avec laquelle Montale prend ses distances à l'égard de toutes les pseudo-modernités. Poésies V : Carnets de poésie 1971 et 1972 (1973) et Derniers Poèmes (1977) ont la forme du journal et le ton de l'épigramme. Avec un goût et un art de la concision qui vont s'accentuant, Montale transfigure les objets, les êtres et les animaux en autant de signes et d'emblèmes composant le bestiaire héraldique d'une mythologie intime. Sa poésie renvoie ainsi à tout un art de vivre, fait de stoïcisme et d'humour, non sans une savoureuse pointe de snobisme, que l'on retrouve dans les correspondances de voyage de Hors de chez moi (1969). Excellent traducteur (Carnet de traductions, 1948) et critique (Autodafé, 1966), il a découvert et fait connaître Italo Svevo.
Montchrestien (Antoine de)
Écrivain français (Falaise v. 1575 – les Tourailles, près de Domfront, 1621).
Il donna, en 1615, dans son Traité de l'économie politique un tableau lucide de l'état de la France ; il voyagea en Angleterre et en Hollande, à la suite d'un duel (1605) de régularité douteuse, et voulut soutenir la révolte des protestants du Midi : il fut tué, et son cadavre, roué et brûlé. Son théâtre fort noir lui valut une certaine célébrité. Dans le recueil qu'il fait paraître en 1601, on remarque David, d'un réalisme biblique, la tragédie politique l'Écossaise (sur Marie Stuart) et Hector, tragédie d'action qui annonce les thèmes cornéliens.
Monteiro Lobato (José Bento)
Écrivain brésilien (Taubaté, São Paulo, 1882 – São Paulo 1948).
Conteur populaire et régionaliste, il a créé (1919) un personnage devenu célèbre, Jeca Tatu, homme indolent et misérable, qui vit loin des villes.
Montello (Josué)
Écrivain brésilien (São Luís, Maranhão, 1917 – Rio de Janeiro 2006).
Son œuvre romanesque (la Dixième Nuit, 1959 ; les Tambours de São Luís, 1975 ; Alléluia, 1982) et théâtrale (la Baronne, 1960) compose la saga de sa province natale.
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