Il rejoint le P.C.C. en 1927 et participe à la fondation de la Ligue de gauche. En 1936, sa pièce Sous les auvents de Shanghai est l'évocation réaliste de la vie des intellectuels petits-bourgeois, et son reportage militant, Ouvrières de louage, dénonce l'exploitation des Chinoises dans les filatures japonaises. Il est très productif pendant la guerre sino-japonaise. Vice-ministre de la Culture (1954-1965), il endure humiliations et sévices pendant la Révolution culturelle, avant d'être réhabilité en 1977.
xiangsheng
Genre de « variété populaire » chinois apparu à la fin du XIXe siècle. Répandu aujourd'hui dans toute la Chine, ce genre qui a pour but de faire rire les spectateurs : un, deux ou trois acteurs brocardent les travers des hommes et de la société de façon comique au moyen de jeux de mots, d'imitations grotesques... L'auteur de sketches contemporains le plus connu est Hou Baolin.
Xiyou Ji
Connu en France par des traductions partielles sous le nom de Voyage en Occident et maintenant accessible dans sa totalité, sous un titre plus respectueux de l'original, la Pérégrination vers l'Ouest est l'un des Quatre Livres extraordinaires considérés à la fin des Ming (1368-1644) comme les meilleurs romans-fleuves chinois. Il en constitue le versant fantastique. En attribuer la rédaction à Wu Cheng'en (vers 1500-1582), lettré réputé génial mais malchanceux aux examens impériaux, qui l'aurait composé sur le tard, est fort séduisant bien que probablement erroné. Le texte final, qui semble atteindre sa forme définitive (cent chapitres) aux alentours de 1570, est le fruit d'un lent processus ayant commencé sept siècles plus tôt. Il met en cause une multitude de matériaux, – dont deux anecdotes du Taiping guangji (981) et la Chantefable de la quête des soûtras par Tripitaka des grands Tang du Xe ou XIe siècle – qui ont commencé d'explorer les ressorts romanesques du fameux pèlerinage réalisé en Inde par l'illustre moine bouddhiste Xuanzang (602-664). Entre 629 et 645, celui-ci partit à la recherche des classiques du bouddhisme, dont il entreprit la traduction à son retour. Longtemps avant de devenir le Tripitaka de la légende, puis du roman, Xuanzang coucha par écrit le récit de son périple. Mais son Xiyou ji ou Relations des pays de l'Ouest ne fournit guère que l'embryon de l'intrigue. Plus décisifs sont les éléments légués par des récits en langue vulgaire déjà fort développés de l'époque mongole (1279-1368). Ils présentent les personnages centraux du roman, lesquels sont, outre le saint homme, quatre protecteurs, à moitié humains, à moitié animaux, chargés de le défendre contre la convoitise des démons en tout genre qui cherchent à dévorer un morceau de sa chair d'une totale pureté, ce qui leur donnerait la vie perpétuelle : il y a un cheval-dragon d'une blancheur immaculée, Sablet (partenaire secondaire rencontré en cours de chemin), Porcet (personnage porcin toujours prompt à suivre ses penchants les plus immédiats) et, surtout, Singet (Sun Wukong ou Conscient-de-la-Vacuité) dont la présence et la place dans le roman pourraient bien avoir été inspirées par le Râmâyana. Sorti d'un œuf de pierre pondu par une roche engrossée par le Ciel et la Terre, ce « Roi des singes » est aussi irrespectueux que sûr de ses dons fort nombreux. Soutenu par une verve pleine d'humour qui laisse souvent transparaître une ironie mordante, le roman est organisé en une suite de 81 épreuves toutes plus extraordinaires les unes que les autres, qui font parfois oublier le but du voyage. Il n'est guère surprenant qu'un penseur aussi subtil que Li Zhi (1527-1602) se soit passionné pour cette œuvre qui échappe à toute tentative d'interprétation réductrice. Il ne sera pas le seul commentateur de ce chef-d'œuvre qui inspira bien des suites et qui, de nos jours encore, réussit à toucher profondément l'esprit des Chinois.
Xoxa (Jakov)
Écrivain albanais (Fier 1923 – Tirana 1979).
Ses œuvres en prose évoquent sur un ton parfois léger et humoristique les années de la Guerre (les Couronnes de Masar bey, 1947 ; Nouvelles I, 1949 ; les Grondements d'Osumi, 1957 ; Nouvelles II, 1958 ; Trois Vieillards et Minaill, 1958 ; le Vent blanc I, 1971 ; le Vent blanc II, 1971 ; la Fleur du sel, 1980 ; la Fleur du sel II, 1981) comme l'occupation ottomane (le Capitaine, 1958) ou l'édification du socialisme (la Route blanche, 1971). Dans le Fleuve mort (1965), roman très apprécié, il décrit la situation sociale d'un village albanais à la veille de la guerre et de la révolution populaire (1938-1939).
Xu Zhimo
Poète chinois (1896 – 1931).
Ce fils d'une famille aisée, à la fois dandy et don juan, ami de Wen Yiduo, il étudie aux États-Unis et en Angleterre, ce qui influence son écriture, tant pour la forme que pour la qualité de l'inspiration : Poèmes de Zhimo (1925), Une nuit à Florence (1927), Nouvel Adieu à Cambridge (1928) expriment son individualisme et son idéalisme.
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