C'est une œuvre autrement ambitieuse qu'il entreprend ensuite avec l'excellent scénariste Guennadi Chpalikov, figure importante du cinéma du « dégel » : sous le titre la Porte Ilitch (Zastava Ilička, 1963), du nom du quartier de Moscou où se situe l'action, c'est un portrait de la jeunesse tourmentée par des interrogations sur le sens et le but de la vie ; dans la scène clé, un adolescent voit en rêve son père tué à la guerre lui apparaître et se révéler — ce qui est significatif — incapable de lui donner le moindre conseil sur la manière de mener sa vie. Le film est attaqué par Khrouchtchev, qui estime « moralement infirmes » ces personnages désorientés, et il ne sortira qu'en 1965, sous le titre J'ai vingt ans (Mne dvadcat'let), dans une version légèrement remaniée. Le cinéaste poursuit cette méritoire entreprise de remise en question des clichés sécurisants dans Pluie de juillet (Ijul'skij dožd‘ , 1967), où il développe ce même thème du mal de vivre avec des personnages un peu plus âgés qui en sont déjà à l'heure des premiers bilans et des choix définitifs.
L'audace idéologique de ces deux remarquables films n'est pas moins novatrice que le style de leur mise en scène (caméra mobile et plans-séquences). Malheureusement, Khoutsiev n'a pas renouvelé ces réussites avec C'était le mois de mai (Byl mesjac maj, 1970) et la Voile rouge de Paris (Alvj parus Pariža, 1971), célébration du centenaire de la Commune ; puis il a travaillé avec Klimov et Lavrov à la finition du film laissé inachevé par Romm à sa mort, Et malgré tout, j'ai confiance (1974). Après un long silence, il a tourné un essai psychologique sur le conflit des générations, Postface (Posleslovie, 1984), puis ‘ Infinitas ’ (Beskonečnost ’, 1991). ▲
KHRJANOVSKI (Andreï)
cinéaste soviétique (Moscou 1939).
Sa formation par Lev Koulechov à l'Institut d'État du cinéma (VGIK) n'est sans doute pas étrangère à son parcours atypique. Préparé à la prise de vues réelles, il n'y accède pas – faute de places –, mais est engagé dans le studio d'animation d'État Soyuzdetmultfilm. Attiré par le potentiel satirique de la figuration, il en fait une première expérience dans son film d'animation Il était une fois Koziavine (1966), critique antibureaucratique. Au fil des réalisations, il se définit concepteur et directeur artistique, confiant le graphisme de ses films à des dessinateurs différents. Son premier long métrage, l'Harmonica de verre (1968), est interdit pendant vingt ans. Dans son œuvre, la littérature, notamment celle de Pouchkine, est source d'inspiration (Je vole vers vous par la pensée, 1977). En 1993, il fonde et anime avec Youri Norstein, Édouard Nazarov et Fedor Khitrouk le studio-école d'animation Char (le Globe). Dès 1994, il y réalise le Lion à barbe blanche, première partie d'un triptyque dédié à Fellini. Dans ce film, auquel s'associent Tonino Guerra, le scénariste d'Amarcord, ainsi que Nino Rotta et Astor Piazzola, il donne la mesure de sa subtilité, enchâssant la poétique de cette mélancolique histoire d'un lion de cirque dans l'écrin tendre et ironique d'une imagerie pseudo-naïve. Des dessins de Fellini alimentent le film suivant, le Long Voyage (1997).
KIAROSTAMI (Abbas)
cinéaste iranien (Téhéran 1940).
Diplômé de la faculté des beaux-arts de Téhéran, il s'introduit dans le monde du cinéma par son activité de graphiste et d'affichiste. Il travaille sur des génériques et des films publicitaires, et collabore à l'Institut pour le développement intellectuel des enfants, où il dirige le département cinéma. C'est dans ce cadre qu'il réalise son premier court métrage, le Pain et la rue (Nan va koutcheh, 1970), qui sera suivi, jusqu'en 1983, d'une quinzaine d'autres œuvres de moins d'une heure. L'Institut produira la quasi-totalité de ses films, dont il assure également le scénario et, le plus souvent, le montage. Ses longs métrages sont consacrés au monde de l'enfance : le Passager (1974), les Élèves du cours préparatoire (1985), Où est la maison de mon ami ? (1987), Devoirs du soir (1990). Il parvient dans ces films à un exceptionnel équilibre entre l'approche documentaire et la mise en place d'une véritable narration. Adepte d'un réalisme qui n'est jamais affecté par le spectaculaire ni infléchi par un discours imposé de l'extérieur, il pose un regard chaleureux sur les enfants — ce qui lui a parfois causé quelques ennuis avec les institutions (à cause, notamment, de Devoirs du soir, son film le plus directement documentaire, consacré à la pression du travail scolaire sur les enfants des milieux déshérités).
Doté d'une grande capacité d'improvisation et maître dans l'art de diriger des acteurs non professionnels, enfants et adultes, il prouve avec Close Up (ou Gros Plan, 1990), écrit en quatre jours à partir de faits réels qu'il reconstitue avec la participation des protagonistes de la véritable intrigue, que son approche du réel peut aller très loin dans l'analyse du fonctionnement du cinéma lui-même. Où est la maison de mon ami ? avait été tourné dans le nord de l'Iran, dans la région victime en 1990 d'un grave tremblement de terre. Il revient immédiatement sur les lieux et tourne Et la vie continue (1992), qui décrit le périple d'un cinéaste revenu dans la zone dévastée pour savoir ce que sont devenus les protagonistes du film qu'il y a tourné précédemment. C'est une œuvre sur la difficulté d'enregistrer le réel et sur la nécessité d'organiser une sorte de fiction pour rendre compte de ce réel. Cette réflexion est prolongée dans le troisième film qu'il tourne dans la même région, Au travers des oliviers (1994), où il se livre à une méditation encore plus impressionnante sur l'articulation entre réalité et mise en scène, c'est-à-dire, selon ses propres termes, sur « des mensonges destinés à produire une vérité encore plus grande ». En 1997 il obtient la Palme d'or ex aequo à Cannes pour le Goût de la cerise. Son film suivant est une coproduction franco-iranienne : Le vent nous emportera (1999), placée sous le signe du grand poète et scientifique Omar Khayyam. Il a écrit plusieurs scénarios pour d'autres cinéastes, notamment celui de la Clé (Kelid, 1986) d'Ibrahim Forouzesh.
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