Après la guerre, la réputation de Martin Frič grandit encore avec les Contes de Čapek (Čapkovy povídky, 1947), la Ville de fer (Zocelení, 1950), le Piège (Past, id.) et, surtout, les films jumeaux le Boulanger de l'Empereur et l'Empereur des boulangers (Císařův pekař ; Pekařův císař, 1951), avec Jan Werich dans le double rôle principal.
La carrière prolifique de Frič (plus de cent films en quarante et quelques années au service du cinéma) se poursuit au cours des années 60 avec, notamment, le Roi des rois (Král Králů, 1963) et Une étoile nommée Absinthe (Hvězda zvaná Pelyněk, 1964). Il devient pour la jeune génération un tuteur respecté, et son professionnalisme reste un modèle pour tous ceux qui vont apporter un sang nouveau au cinéma tchécoslovaque. Il est victime d'une attaque cardiaque le jour même où les tanks soviétiques entrent à Prague en août 1968.
FRIDRIKSSON (Fridrik Thor)
cinéaste islandais (Reykjavik, 1954).
Autodidacte ayant participé à de nombreuses initiatives cinéphiles à Reykjavik, il réalise des courts métrages et des documentaires qui révèlent un tempérament original, tant dans la mise en scène que dans les choix thématiques et narratifs. Son premier long métrage de fiction, les Baleines blanches (Skynuttar, 1987), remarqué dans les festivals européens, tire parti du cadre islandais tout en insistant sur l'âpreté des conditions de vie. De même, les Enfants de la nature (Börn náttúrannar, 1991), un film dur et émouvant, insiste sur l'isolement des individus et les risques de perte d'identité. Plus optimiste, Cold Fever (A köldum klaka, 1995) relate la découverte du monde islandais par un jeune Japonais venu de l'autre bout du monde accomplir les rites funéraires sur les lieux du décès accidentel de son père. Malgré les difficultés de financement propres au cinéma de son pays, Fridriksson a pu se faire connaître dans de nombreux pays étrangers où son originalité est reconnue, notamment aux États-Unis avec les Anges de l'univers (Englar alheimsins, 2000). Il a toutefois réalisé des films plus conventionnels comme Jours de ciné/Movie Days (Biodagar, 1994) et l'Île du diable (Djöflaeyjan, 1996), simples chroniques de la vie à Reykjavik dans les années 50.
FRIEDHOFER (Hugo)
compositeur américain (San Francisco, Ca., 1902 - Los Angeles, Ca., 1981).
Il est l'un des plus prolifiques compositeurs hollywoodiens, au point qu'on a du mal à rassembler sa filmographie complète. Actif dès 1930, il signe sa première partition en 1938 (les Aventures de Marco Polo d'Archie Mayo). Son activité l'a souvent incité à la facilité. Mais ses dons de mélodiste sont incontestables. Quelques-unes de ses partitions sont de véritables classiques : Jack l'éventreur (J. Brahm, 1944), Gilda (Ch. Vidor, 1946), Sang et Or (R. Rossen, 1947) ou Bungalow pour femmes (R. Walsh, 1956). Elle et Lui (L. McCarey, 1957) et Le soleil se lève aussi (H. King, id.), où son goût de la mélodie sentimentale a trouvé à s'épancher avec bonheur, sont ses deux plus belles réussites.
FRIEDKIN (William)
cinéaste américain (Chicago, Ill., 1939).
Il commence à travailler à l'âge de seize ans au service du courrier d'une station de télévision. Un an plus tard, il est metteur en scène, dirigeant en direct des émissions d'intérêt local, avant de se voir confier la réalisation de dramatiques et de musicals. En dix ans, de 1954 à 1963, il réalise ainsi près de 200 émissions, dramatiques, mais aussi documentaires, notamment dans les programmes pédagogiques. Il n'a que 27 ans lorsqu'il réalise son premier film pour le grand écran (Good Times, 1967), support des chansons de Sonny et Cher. Il adapte ensuite trois succès de la scène : l'Anniversaire d'Harold Pinter ; The Night They Raided Minsky's et les Garçons de la bande, version cinématographique d'une pièce sur les homosexuels, présentée « off-Broadway ». Mais c'est le triomphe international de The French Connection qui fait de lui, en 1971, un réalisateur vedette, obtenant l'Oscar de la mise en scène. Il réalise ensuite un autre énorme succès, avec un gros budget, cette fois : l'Exorciste, film qui propulse un genre marginal au statut de superproduction. Friedkin fait alors figure de surdoué maîtrisant tous les aspects de la technique et du récit cinématographiques ; il paraît capable de s'approprier n'importe quel sujet et, éventuellement, de développer des thèmes plus personnels. Or, curieusement, il reste silencieux jusqu'en 1977, année où il produit et réalise le Convoi de la peur, un remake du Salaire de la peur d'Henri-Georges Clouzot. Les déficiences du scénario laissent une impression d'hésitation, d'inachevé et le filmi refuse des gros effets qui avaient garanti le succès de l'Exorciste. Échec financier aux États-Unis comme en Europe, cette œuvre hybride dégage pourtant un ton original : alors qu'on attendait un film à suspense, Friedkin réalise un film d'atmosphère qui, dans ses meilleurs moments, touche au fantastique. Dans Têtes vides cherchent coffre plein, il revient à l'exercice de style sur un canevas de comédie policière mais le métier masque l'absence de sujet. Très ambitieux, la Chasse (1980) balançait habilement entre l'extériorisation (l'argument est celui d'une enquête sur des crimes dans les milieux homosexuels sadomasochistes) et l'intériorisation (la mutation psychologique du policier chargé de l'enquête, auquel Al Pacino prête toute l'ambiguïté nécessaire). Mais le film déclenche la vindicte des milieux homosexuels militants et sa carrière souffre de la mauvaise réputation qui lui est faite. Friedkin semblera au cours des années 80 rechercher frénétiquement des sujets sulfureux et violents mais cette fascination nihiliste s'enlise souvent dans les effets « coup de poing » et la dramatisation intempestive. Ainsi, le Sang du châtiment et la Nurse essaient vainement de renouer avec le succès de l'Exorciste. En revanche, Police fédérale, Los Angeles est un excellent policier. Le plus modeste Blue Chips atteste d'un métier toujours solide, mais Jade, dont le début est brillant, sombre dans l'imitation de Basic Instinct de P. Verhoven et L'Enferdu devoir se débat dans une moralité ambigüe.
>
We Care About Your Privacy
We and our 916 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting "I Accept" enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under "we and our partners process data to provide," whereas selecting "Reject All" or withdrawing your consent will disable them. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the ["privacy preferences"] link on the bottom of the webpage [or the floating icon on the bottom-left of the webpage, if applicable]. Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our partners process data to provide:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
About Your Privacy
Your Privacy
Targeting Cookies
Functional Cookies
Performance Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Store and/or access information on a device 741 partners can use this purpose
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 882 partners can use this purpose
Use precise geolocation data 282 partners can use this special feature
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 150 partners can use this special feature
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 568 partners can use this special purpose
Deliver and present advertising and content 568 partners can use this special purpose
Match and combine data from other data sources 406 partners can use this feature
Link different devices 351 partners can use this feature
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 539 partners can use this feature
Save and communicate privacy choices 413 partners can use this special purpose
Your Privacy
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
More information
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Store and/or access information on a device 741 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 882 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 705 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 561 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 562 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 249 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 224 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 806 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 390 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 511 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 602 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 162 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 282 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 150 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 568 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 568 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 406 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 351 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 539 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 413 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.