Les objectifs de projection doivent fournir sur l'écran une image aussi lumineuse que possible, ces objectifs ne possèdent pas de diaphragme. Ils doivent posséder un grand pouvoir séparateur, afin de montrer tous les détails de l'image, et doivent supporter l'échauffement dû au rayonnement qui les traverse. Ces objectifs sont généralement disponibles, pour le format 35 mm, en focales croissant de 5 mm en 5 mm à partir de 25 mm, et leur ouverture est voisine de f : 1,6 ou f : 1,8.
OBOLER (Arch)
cinéaste américain (Chicago, Ill., 1909 - Westlake Village, Ca., 1987).
Homme de radio dès 1936, activité qu'il poursuivra jusqu'en 1960, il s'occupera aussi de TV avec un certain succès. Le cinéma restera toujours pour lui quelque chose de marginal. Le moins qu'on puisse dire est que son inspiration est inégale. Bewitched (1945) a bonne réputation, mais Bwana le diable (Bwana Devil, 1953, premier long métrage de fiction en relief) est médiocre. Reste Cinq Survivants (Five, 1951), étrange film de science-fiction à l'approche réaliste et documentaire dont la réussite est demeurée sans lendemain.
O'BRIEN (Edmond)
acteur et cinéaste américain (New York, N. Y., 1915 - Inglewood, Ca., 1985).
Acteur de théâtre précoce, membre des Mercury Players d'Orson Welles (1937), il débute à Hollywood en 1939 (Quasimodo [The Hunchback of Notre-Dame], W. Dieterle). Son physique et son masque également puissants le vouent bientôt aux rôles d'homme mûri par l'action (ou par la réflexion), mais presque toujours en milieu « urbain » : agent de presse dans la Comtesse aux pieds nus (J. L. Mankiewicz, 1954, qui lui vaut un Oscar), gangster dans la Blonde et moi (F. Tashlin, 1956), plusieurs fois policier (notamment dans L'enfer est à lui, R. Walsh, 1949), il a aussi interprété Casca dans le Jules César de Mankiewicz (1953) et un timide sympathique dans The Bigamist (I. Lupino, id.), la solidité de son métier n'ayant d'égale que son aisance à changer de registre. Dans l'un de ses rares westerns, l'Homme qui tua Liberty Valance (J. Ford, 1962), il compose un « à la manière de... » Thomas Mitchell. Ce comédien dont tous les films sont intéressants à divers titres (ainsi : les Tueurs, R. Siodmak, 1946 ; la Peau d'un autre, J. Webb, 1955 ; Sept Jours en mai, J. Frankenheimer, 1964 ; Rio Conchos, G. Douglas, id. ; Sylvia, id., 1965) en a dirigé deux avec compétence : le Bouclier du crime (Shield for Murder, 1954, CO : Howard W. Koch, où il joue) et Man-Trap (1961), ainsi que plusieurs téléfilms. Après une relative éclipse due à la maladie, on l'a revu dans quelques films des années 70, notamment dans Lucky Luciano (F. Rosi, 1973).
O'BRIEN (George)
acteur américain (San Francisco, Ca., 1900 - Broken Arrow, Okla., 1985).
D'abord assistant cameraman, puis cascadeur, ce grand jeune homme, à la fois gauche et solide, devait finir par passer devant la caméra. John Ford, qui lui reste fidèle jusqu'aux Cheyennes (1964), lui donne sa chance dans le Cheval de fer (1924). Il s'ensuit pour O'Brien une excellente carrière de cow-boy dans la série B. Mais quelques incursions dans le cinéma de prestige restent dignes d'intérêt : l'Arche de Noé (M. Curtiz, 1929) et surtout l'Aurore (F. W. Murnau, 1927), qui est son plus grand titre de gloire.
O'BRIEN (Angela Maxine, dite Margaret)
actrice américaine (Los Angeles, Ca., 1937).
De toutes les actrices enfants, Margaret O'Brien a peut-être été la plus sincère, la plus charmante et la plus douée. Rien dans sa totale spontanéité ne rappelait le « métier » qui rend parfois Shirley Temple si peu supportable. Sa sincérité souvent bouleversante séduit les foules dès Journey for Margaret (W. S. Van Dyke, 1942), où elle incarne une orpheline sous le blitz londonien. Peu à peu, elle en vient à des rôles principaux, capable d'un jeu dramatique rarement atteint par un enfant de son âge dans le Chant du Missouri (V. Minnelli, 1944), où sa joie de vivre, dans le cake-walk avec Judy Garland, éclate avec la même intensité que sa crise de larmes devant le bonhomme de neige ou son sens du merveilleux dans la scène du Halloween. Peu de films la portèrent à de telles expériences, si ce n'est la Danse inachevée (H. Koster, 1947). Avec l'adolescence, sa carrière décline. Mais elle revient à l'écran en 1960, dans la Diablesse en collants roses (G. Cukor), où elle est avec malice une actrice ingénue mais un peu mûre, que sa mère confine avec autorité aux rôles de fillette.
O'BRIEN (William Joseph Patrick, dit Pat)
acteur américain (Milwaukee, Wis., 1899 - Santa Monica, Ca., 1983).
Le prototype de l'Irlandais dur mais sentimental, parfois vedette à part entière (Tête brûlée, J. Ford, 1932 ; Lampe de Chine, M. LeRoy, 1935), mais le plus souvent le partenaire d'élection de James Cagney. Par son calme, son jeu économe et sa décontraction, il donne une réplique parfaite à son bouillant acolyte (Voilà la flotte [Here Comes the Navy], L. Bacon, 1934 ; Brumes, H. Hawks, 1936 ; les Anges aux figures sales, M. Curtiz, 1938). Progressivement, il devient un savoureux acteur de composition (la Sœur de son valet, F. Borzage, 1943 ; le Garçon aux cheveux verts, J. Losey, 1948) avant de se faire de plus en plus rare. Il se parodia avec entrain dans Certains l'aiment chaud (B. Wilder, 1959).
O'BRIEN (Willis Harold)
dessinateur, modéliste et technicien d'animation américain (Oakland, Ca., 1886 - Los Angeles, Ca., 1962).
Après divers métiers, il imagine de filmer des figurines en glaise selon la technique « image par image » (process shot) : une demi-bobine d'essais, suivie par The Dinosaur and the Missing Link (1914), et The Ghost of Slumber Mountain (1918). En 1925, Harry O. Hoyt lui confie les figures et les trucages de Lost World (1925) — thème repris en 1960 —, d'après le roman homonyme de Conan Doyle. Les acteurs (Bessie Love et Wallace Beery) y sont confrontés aux monstres antédiluviens avec un saisissant pouvoir d'illusion qui enchante l'écrivain. Après ces travaux pour la First National, O'Brien entre à la RKO. Selznick rejette un premier projet, Creation (1931). Pourtant, il est convaincu par M. C. Cooper que O'Bie, comme l'appellent ses amis, est bien l'homme capable d'accoucher King Kong. À partir des matériaux de Creation, O'Brien réalise dix minutes inspirées de Milton, Paradise Lost, et Selznick séduit engage alors la RKO à produire King Kong. O'Bie, remarquable dessinateur, et son équipe, dont le sculpteur modéliste Marcel Delgado, conçoivent, réalisent et animent le monstre le plus célèbre de l'histoire du cinéma. Très souplement articulé, le gorille géant est haut de... 45 cm. Des accessoires construits à une autre échelle (la tête, les mains) permettent un réalisme fantastique. Cooper et Shoedsack donnèrent à ce magnifique travail le cadre et la poésie d'une œuvre dont l'intérêt n'est pas uniquement spectaculaire. Le film sortit en 1933, suivi (bâclé pour être présenté à Noël de la même année) par le Fils de King Kong. O'Brien collabore ensuite à d'autres productions de Cooper et Shoedsack : les Derniers Jours de Pompéi (1935) ; Mr. Joe (1949) — film qui, lui, a droit à un Oscar (effets spéciaux). Il travaille avec son assistant Ray Harryhausen sur le Monde des animaux (The Animal World) de Irving Allen (1956). Citons aussi The Black Scorpion d'Edward Ludwig (1957) ; The Giant Behemoth (ou Behemoth, the Sea Monster), d'Eugène Lourié et Douglas Hickox (1959), et Un monde fou, fou, fou, de Stanley Kramer (1963). La dernière partie de sa vie ne lui offre que déboires professionnels — ses projets sont jugés trop dispendieux — et tragédies familiales.
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