Le développement de ce nouveau mode de loisir et l'évolution des goûts du public entraînent pour le cinéma une baisse brutale d'audience. Le marché étranger représente dès lors un enjeu capital. Or, l'Europe des années 50 limite ses sorties en dollars. Pour compenser le gel de leurs recettes, les studios envoient des équipes tourner en Angleterre, en France et en Italie. On recourt aux « extérieurs naturels » (garants d'authenticité), on s'adonne au naturalisme, ou l'on s'efforce de se faire « plus grand » (CinémaScope) et plus « proche » (relief) que la télévision.
Ces efforts n'enrayent cependant pas la crise. Les studios mettent fin au système des contrats longue durée. Des producteurs indépendants (Sam Spiegel) et de nombreux auteurs-réalisateurs (Billy Wilder, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, John Huston, Samuel Fuller, Delmer Daves) s'affirment. La production new-yorkaise renaît lentement, tandis que se multiplient les tournages hors Hollywood (« runaway productions »). Après une nouvelle crise du gigantisme (sanctionné par le fiasco de Cléopâtre de Mankiewicz en 1963), les grands studios entrent dans une période de déclin qui culminera en 1971 (50 p. 100 de techniciens au chômage). Le système de production traditionnel éclate alors en une multitude d'opérations. Les Majors sont absorbées, l'une après l'autre (à l'exception de la Fox), par des conglomérats (édition, maisons de disques, circuits hôteliers), pour lesquels l'exploitation cinématographique ne représente qu'une part très restreinte des bénéfices. Les imprésarios, acteurs et producteurs indépendants jouent désormais, dans le nouvel Hollywood, un rôle moteur, sous l'arbitrage d'une nouvelle génération de dirigeants, issue des milieux financiers...
Les grandes compagnies ont déserté Hollywood, qui est devenue, en revanche, un centre important pour l'industrie du disque. Pour le cinéma, « Hollywood », terme générique et flou, représente plus une période historique révolue, un « état d'esprit », qu'une réalité géographique. Ce terme représente aussi une mythologie, abondamment entretenue par la littérature (F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nathanael West, Horace McCoy, Gavin Lambert) et le 7e art lui-même ( Chantons sous la pluie ; les Ensorcelés ; Une étoile est née ; Frances, etc.).
HOLM (Ian Holm Cuthbert dit Ian)
acteur britannique (Goodmayer, 1931).
Dans la lignée des grands acteurs britanniques de formation classique, capables de tout jouer avec la même sobriété et le même bonheur, Ian Holm s'adapte avec aisance à tous les styles. Il tourne depuis 1968, mais c'est surtout dans les années 80 et 90 qu'il s'affirme. Inquiétant fonctionnaire (Kafka, S. Soderbergh, 1992), romantique aristocrate (Frankenstein, K. Branagh, 1994), flic américain corrompu (Dans l'ombre de Manhattan, S. Lumet, 1997), père douloureux et incestueux (De beaux lendemains, A. Egoyan, id.) ou acteur raté pathétique (Esther Kahn, A. Desplechin, 2000), Ian Holm sait toujours trouver le ton juste, la juste inclinaison des épaules, la juste inflexion de la voix. C'est un acteur précieux dont les interprétations et les choix révèlent l'exigence.
HOLM (Celeste)
actrice américaine (New York, N. Y., 1919).
Adulée à la scène, Celeste Holm, à cause d'un physique de femme mûre, n'a été au cinéma qu'une actrice de composition et de second plan. Ce qui ne signifie pas qu'elle est une actrice de second ordre, loin de là. En bourgeoise chic, à la repartie tranchante et au cœur d'or, elle a laissé de très bons souvenirs dans le Mur invisible (E. Kazan, 1947), Ève (J. L. Mankiewicz, 1950) ou dans le Tendre Piège (Ch. Walters, 1955). Elle symbolise une certaine image de la new-yorkaise. Elle fut aussi la voix sinueuse et sensuelle qui contait avec intelligence l'intrigue de Chaînes conjugales (J. L. Mankiewicz, 1949).
HOLMES (Phillips)
acteur américain (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1907 - près d'Armstrong, Ont., Canada, 1942).
Fils de l'acteur Taylor Holmes, il commence sa carrière cinématographique à dix-neuf ans. En 1930, à cause de son talent très sensible, de son séduisant physique mince et romantique, il est l'un des grands espoirs du cinéma américain. Il tourne dans d'excellents films comme Son homme (T. Garnett, 1930), Une tragédie américaine (J. von Sternberg, 1931), Code criminel (H. Hawks, id.) ou l'Homme que j'ai tué (E. Lubitsch, 1932). Bientôt, il s'impose aussi en Europe, où il était apprécié (Casta diva, C. Gallone, 1935). Il semblait faire peu cas de sa carrière lorsqu'il mourut en service commandé dans un accident d'avion.
HOLOGRAMME. (Du gr. holos, entier, et gramma, inscription).
Image en trois dimensions d'un objet immobile. Conçu par Denis Gabor en 1947 à Londres, ce procédé permet d'enregistrer et de reproduire des objets immobiles en relief par un système d'interférences lumineuses. Malgré de nombreuses études dans les années 60 à 70, ce procédé n'a jamais pu être appliqué aux images animées.
HOLOUBEK (Gustaw)
acteur polonais (Cracovie 1923).
Acteur de théâtre depuis 1947 et directeur du Theatre Dramatyczny de Varsovie depuis 1972, il est l'une des grandes personnalités de la scène (et également du petit écran) de son pays. Au cinéma, il est l'un des acteurs favoris de Wojciech Has (le Nœud coulant, 1958 ; les Adieux, id. ; Chambre commune, 1960 ; Adieu jeunesse, 1961 ; le Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse, 1965 ; la Clepsydre, 1973) et de Tadeusz Konwicki (Salto, 1965 ; Si loin si près, 1972). Parmi ses autres rôles marquants, il convient de citer celui du professeur dans Gangsters et Philanthropes (J. Hoffman et E. Skórzewski, 1963), de Napoléon dans Marie et Napoléon (Marysia i Napoleon, Leonard Buczkowski, 1966) et du mari dans le Jeu (J. Kawalerowicz, 1969).
HOLT (Ekaterina-Ruxandra Vľadescu-Olt, dite Jany)
actrice française d'origine roumaine (Bucarest 1912).
Avec son visage aux pommettes saillantes, dévoré par la fièvre de ses yeux, elle introduit dans le conformisme des jeunes premières un climat de passion et un état de crise. Ainsi la jeune fille à caprices d'Un grand amour de Beethoven (A. Gance, 1936), l'épouse malheureuse de Courrier Sud (P. Billon, 1937), la Russe névrosée des Bas-Fonds (J. Renoir, id.), l'entraîneuse, jouet des événements del'Alibi (P. Chenal, id.) ou la nonne démente de la Tragédie impériale (M. L'Herbier, 1938). Son talent original s'exprime de façon plus émouvante encore dans le Baron fantôme (S. de Poligny, 1943), les Anges du péché (R. Bresson, id.), la Fiancée des ténèbres (de Poligny, 1945). Elle donne par la suite une réplique attachante à Michel Simon (Non coupable, H. Decoin, 1947) et campe une troublante Mademoiselle de La Ferté (R. Dallier, 1949). Puis elle entre dans une semi-retraite, hormis de fugitives apparitions dans Gervaise (R. Clément, 1956) ou la Femme gauchère (Die linkshändige Frau, Peter Handke, 1978).
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