Née dans une famille d'acteurs, elle se consacre très jeune au théâtre et participe à de fréquentes tournées en Allemagne et en Autriche où elle s'établit, remportant de grands succès à Vienne qui se poursuivront à Berlin. Elle fait son entrée dans le cinéma à une date relativement tardive, en Autriche en 1915, et en Allemagne en 1919 sous la direction de Rochus Gliese. Sa filmographie est abondante, et on retient d'elle son personnage de vieille dame pittoresque ou odieuse ; elle était dotée d'un réel humour, mais savait passer de la bouffonnerie au tragi-comique. Elle a joué notamment dans Skandal um Eva de Pabst, Die englische Heirat et Amphytrion de Schünzel, Alles hört auf mein Kommando de Georg Zoch, Die Puppenfee de E. W. Emo.
SANG HU
cinéaste chinois (Ningbo, prov. de Zhejiang, 1916).
L'un des plus doués, des plus originaux et des plus éclectiques des réalisateurs venus au cinéma dès la naissance de la République populaire de Chine, après avoir été scénariste de plusieurs films : ‘ la Chair ’ (Rou, Zhu Shilin, 1941), ‘ la Nuit de noces ’ (Dongfang huazhuye, id., 1942), ‘ la Dot en carton ’ (Jiafeng xuhuang, Zuo Lin, 1947). La guerre terminée, il entre aux studios Wenhua de Shanghai et réalise ‘ Un amour inachevé ’ (Bu liaoqing, 1947), ‘ Vive ma femme ’ (Taitai wansui, id.), ‘ Tristesse et joie de l'âge mûr ’ (Ai le zhongnian, 1949). En 1949, il suit à Moscou un stage de formation pour se familiariser avec l'utilisation de la pellicule couleurs. Grâce à cette expérience, il réalise le premier film chinois adapté d'une pièce de théâtre classique, ‘ l'Amour éternel ’ (Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai, 1953). Sa maîtrise de la couleur s'affirme avec un film très intimiste, adaptation d'une nouvelle du grand écrivain Luxun, ‘ le Sacrifice du Nouvel An ’ (Zhufu, 1956). Bien qu'il eût été consacré par le public en 1959 comme l'un des cinéastes les plus populaires, cet éclaireur, qui réalisa en 1962 le premier film stéréoscopique chinois (‘ les Aventures d'un magicien ’ [Moshushi de qiyu]), voit, après ‘ le Printemps de Shanghai ’ (Shanghai zhi chun, 1965), sa carrière brutalement stoppée par la Révolution culturelle. Réadmis à travailler dans les studios en 1972, il alterne depuis les comédies et les films graves, fidèle à son éclectisme, mais sans atteindre à la qualité de ses premières œuvres (‘ Eux deux et elles deux ’ [Talia he talia], 1979 ; ‘ l'Amitié par les timbres ’ [You yuan], 1984).
Grande, brune, altière, Elena Sangro qui fut longtemps la compagne de Gabriele d'Annunzio est l'une des grandes divas du cinéma italien des années 20. Ses débuts dans Fabiola d'Enrico Guazzani en 1918 sont très remarqués.
Le cinéaste la rappelle pour jouer dans la deuxième version de la Jerusalem délivrée une superproduction à la mode de l'époque. On la remarque ensuite dans Primerose (M. Caserini, 1919),Il fauno di marmo (Alessandro Bona, 1920),L'eredita di Caino (G. M. Viti, 1927),L'onesto mondo (Torello Rolli, id.),Saracinesca (A. Camerini, id.),Non è resurrezione senza morte (Eduardo Bencivenga, 1922),Quo Vadis (G. Jacoby et Gabriellino d'Annunzio, 1924),Maciste en enfer (G. Brignone, 1926), Villa Falconieri (R. Oswald, 1928), Boccaccesca (Alfredo de Antoni, id.). A l'arrivée du sonore, « la » Sangro se retire du cinéma pour se vouer à l'art du chant sous le pseudonyme de Lilia Flores et devient réalisatrice de documentaires sur l'art (sous le nom de Anton Bia).
SANJINÉS (Jorge)
cinéaste bolivien (La Paz 1936).
Formé à l'école documentaire surgie avec la révolution nationaliste de 1952, il est le premier réalisateur contemporain à aborder avec un minimum de continuité le long métrage en Bolivie. Sanjinés développe une œuvre à la fois personnelle et en osmose avec l'effervescence sociale du pays. Son cinéma politique présente néanmoins quelques traits originaux par rapport aux préoccupations militantes d'autres metteurs en scène latino-américains. À la suite de précédentes expériences de son scénariste Oscar Soria, Sanjinés pratique le mélange des genres, combine documentaire et fiction, depuis son court métrage Sueños y realidades (1961) jusqu'à la longue reconstitution des massacres de mineurs dans le Courage du peuple (El coraje del pueblo, 1971), où l'écho des dossiers élaborés par un Rosi est sensible. Cependant, Ukamau (1966) et le Sang du condor (Yawar Mallku, 1969) introduisent l'élément indigène comme une donnée essentielle sur le double plan politique et culturel, adoptant la langue aymara ou le quechua. L'Ennemi principal (El enemigo principal, 1974, tourné au Pérou) et Hors d'ici ! (¡ Fuera de aquí !, tourné en Équateur, 1977) accentuent son ascèse dramaturgique, privilégiant le personnage collectif des communautés indiennes andines (plutôt que le protagoniste individuel classique), dédoublent le récit par le commentaire (sur l'écran ou en voix off) et ébranlent ainsi les formes traditionnelles de représentation et d'identification des spectateurs. Cette option pourrait être définie comme indo-américaine, selon une expression de l'écrivain péruvien José Maria Arguedas. Mais sa fertilité créatrice est compromise par un didactisme qui confine parfois au schématisme. Jorge Sanjinés, après plusieurs années d'exil, revient aux sources documentaires avec un long métrage sur les luttes populaires en Bolivie, Las banderas del amanecer (1983), dont le commentaire repose sur des témoignages. Il signe en 1989 La nación clandestina, qui évoque la lutte du peuple quechua pour la conservation de son identité nationale. Para recibir el canto de los pájaros (1995) est une réflexion sur les difficultés du métissage bolivien. Sanjinés et son groupe Ukamau rassemblent les réflexions sur leur expérience dans le volume Teoría y práctica de un cine junto al pueblo (Siglo XXI, Mexico, 1979).
SANSON (Yvonne)
actrice italienne (Salonique, Grèce, 1926).
Elle poursuit ses études en Italie en 1943 et, en 1946, apparaît dans deux films : l'Aigle noir (R. Freda) et la Grande Aurore (Giuseppe M. Scotese). Lattuada lui donne ensuite le rôle de la protagoniste dans le Crime de Giovanni Episcopo (1947), où elle crée un personnage de femme fatale et sensuelle qui devient très populaire dans une célèbre série de mélodrames : du Mensonge d'une mère (R. Matarazzo, 1950) à Qui est sans péché ? (id., 1953), Larmes d'amour (id., 1954), L'angelo bianco (id., 1955). Dans tous ces films, elle forme un couple avec Amedeo Nazzari. Sa beauté classique et ses formes généreuses font passer à l'écran une sorte de fascination sexuelle des plus spontanées, en tout cas pour son époque. Entre ses meilleurs films : le Manteau (A. Lattuada, 1952), Quand tu liras cette lettre (J. -P. Melville, 1953), l'Étoile des Indes (A. Lubin, id.), Pain, amour et jalousie (L. Comencini, 1954), Par-dessus les moulins (M. Camerini, 1955), Barrage contre le Pacifique (R. Clément, 1957), L'ultima violenza (Matarazzo, id.), Il re di Poggioreale (D. Coletti, 1961), Âme noire (R. Rossellini, 1962), Lo smemorato di Collegno (S. Corbucci, id.), le Conformiste (B. Bertolucci, 1970), Un apprezzato professionista di sicuro avvenire (G. De Santis, 1972).
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