À sa mort, Rainer Werner Fassbinder laisse une œuvre abondante et protéiforme, réalisée en moins de treize ans (si l'on excepte ses deux premiers courts métrages) : au total, quarante-deux titres pour le cinéma et la télévision.
Autres films :
Welt am Draht (1973, TV) ; Martha (1974). ▲
FAULKNER (William)
écrivain et scénariste américain (New Albany, Miss., 1897 - Oxford, id., 1962).
S'il refusa de participer à l'adaptation de ses œuvres à l'écran (notamment : l'Intrus de Clarence Brown ; la Ronde de l'aube de Douglas Sirk, d'après Pylône ; les Feux de l'Été et le Bruit et la Fureur de Martin Ritt), il dut à l'amitié de Hawks, qui l'appela régulièrement à Hollywood, de collaborer aux dialogues d'Après nous le déluge (1933), puis aux scénarios des Chemins de la gloire (1936), du Port de l'angoisse (1944), du Grand Sommeil (1946) et de la Terre des Pharaons (1955). Il participa, sans être crédité, à l'élaboration de plusieurs films, dont l'Homme du Sud de Renoir. Le scénario inabouti de A Fable (Parabole), que devait tourner Henry Hathaway, lui inspira un énorme roman allégorique (1954) dédié au cinéaste. Faulkner n'a consacré qu'une nouvelle (The Golden Land) à cet univers hollywoodien où il se sentit toujours en porte à faux.
FAURE (Élie)
philosophe, historien et critique d'art français (Sainte-Foy-la-Grande 1873 - Paris 1937).
L'un des premiers intellectuels de haute culture à avoir fait crédit au cinéma, sa nouveauté, ses pouvoirs, sa signification sociale. Neveu du géographe anarchiste Élisée Reclus, élève de Bergson au lycée Henri-IV, médecin tôt spécialisé dans la pratique de l'anesthésie et dans celle, plus rare, de l'embaumement, sa pensée procédera de ces sources. Évolutionniste convaincu, il croit fermement en la science et la technique comme facteurs du progrès humain. Son « monisme » (nature et humanité sont une ; les lois de l'art et de la culture — organiques, rythmiques, cycliques — sont les lois mêmes de la vie) reste proche du matérialisme dialectique. C'est le mouvement, dit-il, qui spiritualise la matière, le rythme qui spiritualise la chair ; de là, l'importance civilisatrice de la danse. Au long de l'Histoire de l'art (1909-1921), Élie Faure établit que les civilisations connaissent dans leur devenir des phases ascendantes, d'« association », puis des phases descendantes, de cristallisation et de « dissociation ». L'art des premières est collectif, celui des secondes est individualiste. Les grandes époques d'unanimité et de construction collective ont trouvé leur plus haute expression dans la danse et l'architecture. Or, le cinéma — langage universel né d'une machine — réalise la paradoxale merveille d'être à la fois danse et architecture, de construire l'architecture dans le temps et de donner un corps spatial à la musique. Pour forger l'âme et le visage du XXe siècle, qui promettait d'inaugurer une période d'association, ne voit rien qui soit mieux qualifié que le cinéma. Dès 1922, il salue la profondeur de Chaplin, qu'il compare volontiers à Shakespeare et à Molière ; il pressent — et nomme — la cinéplastique d'Eisenstein : dramaturgie de formes, polyphonie audiovisuelle, synthèse de tous les arts ; il soutient les recherches d'Abel Gance. Dès la projection corporative de l'Atalante (1934), il proclame le génie de Jean Vigo. Si l'histoire a malmené le prophétisme de ses écrits, elle a peu enlevé à la richesse de leurs analyses et rien à leur indispensable dimension d'utopie.
FAURE (Renée)
actrice française (Paris 1919).
Elle débute au cinéma avec le premier rôle féminin de l'Assassinat du Père Noël (Christian-Jaque, 1941). Elle épouse par la suite son metteur en scène, qui lui offre dans Sortilèges (1945) un rôle un peu analogue, poétique et frêle. Excellente comédienne, elle démontre ses dons de sincérité et de netteté dans le rôle de la novice ardente des Anges du péché (R. Bresson, 1943). Sa présence à la Comédie-Française ne lui a pas permis d'accomplir la carrière espérée au cinéma. Mais ses interprétations dans la Chartreuse de Parme (Christian-Jaque, 1948), Bel Ami (L. Daquin, 1956), le Président (H. Verneuil, 1960) et le Juge et l'Assassin (B. Tavernier, 1976) ne sauraient laisser indifférent.
FAUSSE TEINTE !
Expression consacrée, signalant, lors d'une prise de vue en extérieur, la variation de la lumière consécutive au passage d'un nuage devant le soleil.
FAUSTMAN (Erik, dit Hampe)
cinéaste suédois (Stockholm 1919 - id. 1961).
Le plus engagé, sur le plan social, des réalisateurs suédois de la génération des années de l'après-guerre (il est né un an après Ingmar Bergman), Faustman a eu sa carrière interrompue par une mort soudaine à l'âge de quarante-deux ans. En filigrane de ses films des années 40 — dont certains ont Gunn Wallgren, sa première épouse, pour interprète — s'inscrit son admiration pour l'Union soviétique. Technicien consommé, c'est avec passion mais aussi avec rigueur que Faustman exprime son idéalisme dans des films tels que Quand les prairies sont en fleurs (När ängarna blommar, 1946), Port étranger (Främmande hamn, 1948) et le Bon Dieu et le Gitan (Gud Fader och tattaren, 1954).
FAUX RACCORD.
Discontinuité notable des éléments visuels ou sonores entre deux plans successifs qui sont censés être contigus dans le temps et/ou dans l'espace.
FAVIO (Leonardo)
cinéaste et acteur argentin (Mendoza, Argentine, 1938).
Jeune premier fétiche de plusieurs films de Leopoldo Torre Nilsson, et chanteur populaire, il passe à la mise en scène avec Cŕonica de un nĩno solo (1965), chronique semi-autobiographique de l'enfance marginalisée, qui veut émouvoir et convaincre, à la manière du premier Pasolini, avec un néoréalisme tempéré par les ruptures narratives et les mélodies de Cimarosa, Vivaldi et Bach. Este es el romance del Aniceto y de la Francisca, de ćomo quedó trunco, comenźo la tristeza... y unas pocas cosas más (1966) pousse plus loin encore le mélange de tradition et de modernité, puisque le goût du mélodrame y fait bon ménage avec une distanciation tout à fait contemporaine. El dependiente (1967), sans doute sa meilleure réussite, intègre l'évocation de l'ambiance feutrée de la province à une description presque clinique de comportements « sur le fil du rasoir », toujours au bord de l'hystérie. Cette trilogie en noir et blanc est pleine de nuances et de suggestions dans l'utilisation des ellipses et des temps morts. Cependant, Favio modifie l'axe de sa recherche formelle en passant à la couleur : il abandonne l'austérité, ne recule plus devant l'emphase, essaie de toucher un large public. Il y parvient en donnant un tour d'écrou à l'idéalisation du gaucho dans Juan Moreira (1973), mais confond le lyrisme et le kitsch lorsqu'il récupère la fable et le feuilleton radiophonique de Nazareno Cruz y el lobo (1974). Après la comédie Sõnar, sõnar (1976), il s'éloigne du cinéma, d'autant plus qu'il n'est pas en odeur de sainteté auprès des militaires. Il y revient de manière fracassante, en faisant revivre une idole sportive du péronisme, le boxeur Gatica, el Mono (1993) : il retrouve par la même occasion ses expériences stimulantes sur la dilatation du temps, la rhétorique populaire, la combinaison de la distance et de l'émotion. Enfin, il élabore un immense montage de documents à la gloire du péronisme, Perón, sinfonía del sentimiento (1999).
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