C'est alors que commence dans sa carrière une nouvelle étape qui le ramène sur le devant de la scène. Dans Quand passent les cigognes (Letjat žuravli, 1957), il renoue avec le romantisme flamboyant du Sel de Svanétie et remporte la Palme d'or à Cannes l'année suivante : témoignage majeur du renouveau soviétique, ce beau film sentimental situe les péripéties d'un amour malheureux dans le cadre dramatique de la guerre et révèle deux comédiens de premier plan, Tatiana Samoïlova et Alekseï Batalov. Il révèle aussi un brillant opérateur, Serguei Ouroussevski, dont la virtuosité va marquer, par ses prouesses formalistes, les films suivants de Kalatozov : la Lettre inachevée / la Lettre qui n'a jamais été envoyée (Neotpravlennoe pis'mo, 1960), tragique aventure de quatre prospecteurs en Sibérie, et Je suis Cuba (Ja-Kuba, 1964), évocation des luttes du peuple cubain pour sa liberté, sur un scénario du poète Evtouchenko. Mais le cinéaste revient à un style beaucoup plus académique dans la Tente rouge (Krasnaja palatka, 1971), coproduction avec l'Italie sur la malheureuse expédition du général Nobile en dirigeable au pôle Nord en 1928.
KALFON (Jean-Pierre)
acteur français (Paris 1938).
Spécialiste des rôles de tueur, de maniaque ou de dément, il est avant tout acteur de théâtre et ne s'impose à l'écran qu'à partir des années 70. Il tourne avec Jacques Rivette (l'Amour fou, 1968 ; l'Amour par terre, 1984), Barbet Schroeder (la Vallée, 1972), Claude Lelouch (le Bon et les Méchants, 1976). La vogue du polar le rend indispensable à nombre de réalisateurs, parmi lesquels Robin Davis (la Guerre des polices, 1979), Yves Boisset (la Femme flic, 1980), Pierre Granier-Deferre (Une étrange affaire, 1981), Serge Gainsbourg (Équateur, 1983), François Truffaut (Vivement dimanche, id.), Gilles Béhat (Rue barbare, 1984), Bernard Stora (Vent de panique, 1987), Claude Chabrol (le Cri du hibou, id.), Mika Kaurismäki (I Love L.A., 1998), Patricia Mazuy (Saint-Cyr, 2000). Il est également chanteur de rock.
KALIK (Mikhaïl [Mojseï ]) [Mojsej Naumovič Kalik]
cinéaste soviétique (Arkhangelsk 1927).
En 1951, il est arrêté pour activités « sionistes » alors qu'il étudie le cinéma à Moscou sous la direction de Youtkevitch. Envoyé au goulag, il ne sera relâché et réhabilité qu'après la mort de Staline. Il reprend ses cours et sort, diplômé du VGIK en 1958. Il débute avec une adaptation de la Débâcle de Fadeiev, ‘ la Jeunesse de nos pères ’ (Junost ’ naših otcov, 1958 ; CO Boris Rytsarev), et avec ‘ l'Ataman Kodr ’ (id., 1959 ; CO B. Rytsarev et Olga Oulitskaia). Il réalise seul ‘ Berceuse ’ (Kolybel'naja, 1960) puis se fait remarquer avec ‘ L'homme va vers le soleil ’ (Čelovek idët za solncem, 1962), très joli essai visuel de style impressionniste sur la promenade citadine d'un gamin, vraisemblablement inspiré par le Ballon rouge de Lamorisse. On lui doit encore ‘ Au revoir, les garçons ’ (Do svidan'ja, mal ’čiki, 1965), évocation chaleureuse de la destinée de trois enfants d'Odessa, et ‘ Aimer ’ (Ljubit, 1968). Il quitte l'Union soviétique pour émigrer en Israël en 1971 (où il tournera un long métrage Three and One en 1975, des courts métrages et des documentaires). En 1989, la perestroïka lui offre l'opportunité de retrouver sa terre natale. Il signe en 1992 ‘ le Retour du vent ’ (I vozvraščaetsja veter...), film autobiographique qui évoque l'histoire de la vie d'un Juif sous le régime soviétique.
KALMUS (Herbert T.)
inventeur américain (Chelsea, Mass., 1881 - Los Angeles, Ca., 1963).
Professeur d'université, il se passionne très tôt pour les recherches de photographie en couleurs et, dès 1912, fonde la Technicolor Company (constituée en société en 1915). En 1917, il réalise un film en une bobine, The Gulf Between, où deux couleurs sont superposées sur l'écran. Le véritable Technicolor bichrome verra le jour en 1926 (le Pirate Noir d'Albert Parker) et le Technicolor trichrome en 1935 (Becky Sharp de Rouben Mamoulian). Kalmus avait associé à ses travaux sa première épouse, Nathalie née Dunfee (Norfolk, Va., 1892 - Boston, Mass., 1965), qui, malgré leur divorce (1933), s'imposa comme « color consultant » pour tous les films en Technicolor de 1935 à 1949 (date d'expiration légale de leur brevet) : les films d'après-guerre où apparaît sa signature à ce titre sont fréquemment caractérisés par une prédominance rouge-orangé assez criarde. La fonction de « color consultant » est passée à d'autres avec des résultats plus variés et n'a que récemment disparu des génériques hollywoodiens.
KAMAL (Ḥusayn)
cinéaste égyptien (Le Caire 1932).
Il est diplômé de l'IDHEC en 1956, débute à la télévision égyptienne puis devient l'assistant de Chahin sur Gare centrale. Il tourne son premier long métrage : ‘ l'Impossible ’ (al-Mustahil) en 1964. Le Facteur (al-Busṭ agi, 1968, adapté d'un roman homonyme de Yahia Haqqi), étude des mœurs provinciales, impitoyable, rigoureusement mise en scène et interprétée (Salah Mansur, Shukri Saran), établit une réputation qui ne résistera pas aux attraits de la facilité : ‘ Mon père sur l'arbre perché ’ ('Abi fawqa al-shagara) est un des gros succès commerciaux du cinéma égyptien (1969). Les dons de satiriste et l'élégance de ce cinéaste réapparaissent de temps à autre dans des films hélas inégaux : ‘ l'Empire de M ’ (Imbrauriyyat min, 1972) ; ‘ Rien n'a d'importance ’ (La shay'a yuhim, 1973) ; ‘ Le monde est une fête ’ (Mawlid ya dunya, 1975) ; S.V.P., ce médicament (1984) ; Oh ! quel beau pays (1986) et les Grilles du Harem (id.). Il se dirige vers le théâtre de variétés où il obtient un franc succès. ‘ Pour tes beaux yeux ’ (‘ Alchan Ḥair ’Uyumik, 1986) avec Shirihan et F. al-Muhandis occupe notamment l'affiche pendant de nombreuses années.
KAMAL SALIM ('Abd al-Ghani)
scénariste et cinéaste égyptien (Le Caire 1913 - id. 1945).
Sa famille ruinée, il se cultive en autodidacte et entre en contact avec les milieux cinématographiques du Caire grâce au cinéaste Shukri Madi. Il peut, comme alors la plupart des intellectuels, faire un bref séjour en Europe : Kamal Salim, qui a choisi la France, regagne Le Caire en 1935 et accomplit de petites besognes aux nouveaux studios Miṣr, qui lui proposent enfin un contrat de scénariste après qu'il a réalisé, pour la firme Odeon, son premier long métrage, ‘ Derrière le rideau ’ (Wara'a al-Sitar, 1938). Il écrit alors ‘ le Docteur ’ (al-Ductur, 1939), tourné par Niyazi Muṣtafa et qui remporte un beau succès. Mais le projet suivant est repoussé (‘ Au quartier ’ [Fi al-Ḥara]) car l'approche sociale et réaliste effarouche les studios et c'est un peu par hasard, avec l'accord d'un directeur intérimaire et sur la recommandation d'Aḥmad Badrakhan, que le film peut être mis en chantier. Rebaptisé la Volonté (al-' Azima), présenté le 6 novembre 1939, il remporte un succès considérable. Interprété notamment par les actrices Fatma Rushdi et Zaki Rustum, les comédiens Ḥusayn Sidqi, Anwar Wagdi, il fait vivre à travers un écheveau dramatique tout le peuple d'un quartier, dans une mise en scène vigoureuse. Le monteur, Salaḥ Abu Sayf, qui va découvrir le cinéma français du réalisme poétique en France, en reçoit une influence déterminante. La Volonté demeure une étape dans le cinéma égyptien : regard sur le quotidien, scénario élaboré, refus des artifices. On retrouve Faṭma Rushdi dans ‘ Pour l'éternité ’ (Il'al abad, 1940). La fin brutale de la carrière de Kamal Salim, emporté par la maladie à 32 ans, ne lui a plus laissé le temps que de quelques œuvres alimentaires et de deux adaptations intéressantes : les Misérables (al-Bu'asa ’, 1943) ; Roméo et Juliette (Shuhada ’ al-Gharam, 1944). Son projet ‘ Layla, fille des pauvres ’ (Layla Bint al-Fugara ’, 1946) a été repris, travesti, réalisé et interprété par Anwar Wagdi, avec Layla Murad, chanteuse peu réaliste... La leçon de Kamal Salim reste essentielle à l'évolution du film des pays arabes et a marqué, après Abu Sayf, Tawfiq Ṣaliḥ et les jeunes cinématographies de l'Algérie ou de l'Iraq.
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