Autres chorégraphies. Le Baiser de la fée (1953), Orfeo (1961) ; Der Tod und das Mädchen (1964) ; *Petrouchka (1966) ; les *Quatre Tempéraments (1966) ; Serenade (1966) ; Streichquartett Nr 1. (1966, mus. Leos Janáček) ; Erinnerungen (1969) ; le *Lac des cygnes (1969) ; *Apollon Musagète (1971) ; *Giselle (1971) ; Squares (1972) ; Grosse Fuge (1973) ; Septet Extra (1975) ; la *Sylphide (1978).
Charles WALTERS (1911-1982)
Danseur, chorégraphe et réalisateur américain.
Après des débuts de danseur dans les *vaudevilles, il se produit à *Broadway dans divers spectacles musicaux, se fait remarquer dans la *comédie musicale de R. *Alton, Dubarry Was a Lady (1939), dont il réglera certains ballets de la version cinématographique pour G. *Kelly, puis signe ses premières chorégraphies pour les comédies musicales. Parti à Hollywood, il crée des danses pour Girl Crazy (1943, réal. Norman Taurog), Meet Me in Saint Louis (1944, réal. V. *Minnelli), *Ziegfeld Follies (1946). Parrainé par le producteur Arthur Freed, il effectue une transition réussie vers le rôle de réalisateur avec Good News (1947), dans lequel il conçoit sa première chorégraphie de plein air, puis se taille une renommée avec des films musicaux devenus des classiques de la *MGM tels *Easter Parade (1948), avec F. *Astaire et J. *Garland, The *Barkleys of Broadway (1949), dernière apparition du couple Astaire-*Rogers, Lili (1953), The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964), High Society (1956). On lui doit dans un registre plus grave Torch Song (1953) et Two Loves (1961) Il quitte la MGM en 1964 ; il collabore par la suite à quelques réalisations télévisées. Chorégraphiant avec le même bonheur pour les danseurs et pour la caméra, il entraîne le spectateur dans la confidence ou dans l'excitation de la danse. Romances désenchantées, célébration du monde du spectacle : le style caractéristique de ce chorégraphe et réalisateur des années 1940-1960 est familier du public, qui pourtant n'y associe pas toujours son nom.
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William WALTON (1902-1983).
Compositeur britannique.
D'esprit éclectique et désinvolte, il se fait connaître avec le « mélologue » *Façade (1923) sur les textes d'Edith Sitwell, souvent adapté pour la danse : F. *Ashton (1931), J. *Cranko (Familienalbum, 1961), Lindsay Kemp (1983), R. *Chopinot (1983). Il accueille ensuite les suggestions romantiques et néobaroques en se tournant vers des formes plus traditionnelles.
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Compositions. Siesta (1936, rep. 1972, Ashton) ; The Quest (1943, Ashton) ; Devoir de vacances (1949, J. *Taras ) ; Varii Capricci (1983, Ashton).
Karl Waltz, ou [Valts K. ] (1846-1929).
Peintre décorateur et machiniste de scène russe d'origine allemande.
Il étudie en Allemagne avec K. Groppius et auprès de son père Fedor (Théodore) Valtz (1820-1869), machiniste au *Bolchoï de Moscou, puis travaille dans ce théâtre de 1861 à 1927. Appellé « magicien et sorcier de la scène », il produit pendant toutes ces années des effets féériques dans les ballets. Inventant de multiples procédés nouveaux pour les changements de scène sans baisser de rideau, les apparitions et disparitions de personnages, les scènes de vol, d'incendie, d'inondation, de feux d'artifice, etc., il recourt à l'éclairage électrique dès son apparition. Restent particulièrement célèbres parmi d'autres la scène du naufrage de la felouque dans le *Corsaire (date), la destruction du palais dans la *Bayadère (1877), celle de l'inondation dans le *Lac des cygnes (1877) ou celle des serpents rampant le long des murs dans Salammbô (date) dont le réalisme est tel qu'elle sera supprimée pour ne pas effrayer le public. Il est l'auteur de plusieurs livrets de ballets montés au Bolchoï : la Pantoufle magique (1871, I. *Valbekh), les Noces de la Grand'mère (1878), les Etoiles (1898). Dans les années 1890, il travaille aussi pour Mikhaïl Lentovski qui dirige un théâtre de féérie au jardin de l'Ermitage à Moscou (Voyage dans la lune, chor. J. *Hansen, etc.) et dans les années 1910 pour les premières Saisons russes de S. *Diaghilev signant notamment les effets du Pavillon d'Armide ainsi que pour la compagnie I. *Rubinstein (le Martyr de St Sebastien, 1911). Il est auteur de mémoires 65 let v teatre (65 Ans au théâtre, Academia, Leningrad, 1928).
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Andy WARHOL (1928-1987).
Peintre américain.
Principal représentant du pop art, il joue dans les années 1960-1970 un rôle essentiel dans l'approche post-moderniste de l'œuvre d'art. Reproduisant par la sérigraphie et l'impression photomécanique des objets de consommation courante, tels la bouteille de Coca-Cola ou le symbolique billet de 1 dollar, il aplatit et duplique l'usage de l'image surinvesti par la société américaine. Héritier de M. *Duchamp et contemporain de J. *Johns, il s'oppose à la conception de l'art pour l'art, et subvertit ce dernier avec des valeurs qui lui sont extérieures, le précipitant, l'abîmant dans un univers susceptible de le nier comme spécificité. Dans les années 1960, il crée la Factory, atelier qui devient un espace d'échanges et de rencontres entre différentes disciplines artistiques (musique, peinture, cinéma, danse). Ainsi, malgré une unique contribution à la scène chorégraphique dans Rainforest (1968, M. *Cunningham), où il installe parmi les danseurs des coussins argentés gonflés à l'hélium, son œuvre influence profondément la création chorégraphique des années 1970, notamment celle de L. *Falco.
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James WARING (1922-1975).
Danseur, chorégraphe, pédagogue et designer américain.
Il étudie la danse classique et la technique *Graham à San Francisco. À la fin des années 1940, il s'installe à New York, où il poursuit sa formation de danseur et présente ses premières pièces. En 1953, il crée avec d'autres danseurs Dance Associates, un regroupement de chorégraphes qui présentent leurs créations lors de soirées. L'année suivante, il crée James Waring's Dance Company, qu'il dirige jusqu'en 1969. Par la suite, il chorégraphie pour d'autres compagnies, dont le Manhattan Festival Ballet (Arena, 1967), Eglevsky Ballet Company (Sinfonia Semplice, 1975). Il crée également des solos pour de nombreux danseurs, tels que pour P. *Taylor et Aileen Passloff. Dans ses chorégraphies, il travaille souvent à la création d'une atmosphère et d'une époque bien particulières, où il juxtapose des images, comme dans *Dances Before the Wall (1958). Bien que le style de mouvement choisi soit issu de la danse *classique, son talent est remarqué pour sa capacité à mélanger un vocabulaire de danse classique, de danse contemporaine, de *comédie musicale et de gestes de la vie quotidienne. Créateur de ses propres costumes, il est aussi auteur de pièces de théâtre, poèmes et essais. Renommé pour son enseignement, il crée de nombreuses danses pour ses étudiants. Son influence est d'une importance majeure durant la période du *Judson Dance Theater.
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