Les associations de plantes cultivées visent à tirer le meilleur parti possible du milieu. Par exemple, les associations comprenant des légumineuses permettent une meilleure nutrition azotée des autres plantes. Les associations permettent également de fournir des produits variés sur une surface restreinte. C'est typiquement le cas dans les systèmes d'oasis où sont associés arbres, arbustes et différentes plantes annuelles : l'ensemble fournit fruits, légumes et plantes à usage industriel (textile ou tinctorial), et l'agencement des différentes espèces est raisonné de manière que les bénéfices de l'association (par exemple, ombrage des cultures annuelles par les pérennes) soient obtenus tout en réduisant les préjudices (compétition entre espèces).
La pratique des cultures associées, très ancienne, est universelle. Elle est très répandue en agriculture tropicale, tant en association de plantes annuelles (maïs/niébé par exemple) qu'en association plante pérenne-plante annuelle (Acacia albida, arbre fourrager du groupe des légumineuses, dans les parcelles de mil ou de sorgho ; agroforesterie de Nouvelle-Zélande, permettant de lutter contre l'érosion). Dans les agricultures intensives, les cultures associées sont maintenant moins présentes, sauf dans les systèmes fourragers : associations de graminées (ou poacées) et de légumineuses (mélange luzerne-dactyle, par exemple) ou de différentes espèces de graminées dans les prairies temporaires, associations verger/prairie permanentes dans les prés-vergers (la prairie naturelle est elle-même une association de nombreuses espèces). En grandes cultures, elles sont plus rares, mais on peut toutefois citer les mélanges de céréales comme le méteil (mélange blé-seigle), ou encore les associations maïs-soja. Enfin, en agriculture biologique et en maraîchage, le recours à des associations est plus fréquent.
culture de plein champ
Système de production des légumes dans lequel les cultures sont réalisées sur des sols agricoles, sans qu'intervienne aucune protection des plantes vis-à-vis du climat, à l'exception de l'aménagement éventuel de brise-vent.
Les cultures légumières de plein champ entrent dans un assolement qui comprend d'autres espèces comme les céréales, les plantes fourragères, les plantes sarclées... Toutefois, l'assolement peut être limité pratiquement aux seules espèces légumières, dans certaines régions privilégiées comme la Ceinture dorée du Nord-Finistère.
La production des cultures de plein champ est destinée à la vente en frais ou aux industries alimentaires. Dans le premier cas, les exploitations peuvent rester relativement réduites et se rapprocher du maraîchage. Dans le second cas, la production constitue la base de l'approvisionnement des usines de transformation dans le cadre de productions sous contrat (légumes d'industrie). Ces entreprises sont généralement de taille supérieure à celles des exploitations dont la production est destinée au marché de frais. La mécanisation des cultures est de règle dans les exploitations à partir d'une certaine taille.
Péron
culture dérobée
Culture de courte durée, intercalée entre deux autres cultures, dans des régions où on ne réalise d'ordinaire qu'une culture/an (appelée culture principale).
Les cultures dérobées sont le plus souvent des cultures fourragères (par exemple, navet, ou colza fourrager, ou encore ray-grass entre un blé récolté en été et une orge ou un maïs semé le printemps suivant) ou légumières (par exemple, épinard entre une culture de haricots récoltée en juin et un blé semé en octobre).
Doré
culture hydroponique
1. Culture de plantes sur film de solution nutritive qui circule en permanence dans des rigoles en légère pente. 2. Par extension, culture de plante sur milieu artificiel (appelée aussi « culture sans sol »).
Dans le cas d'une culture sans sol, le sol est remplacé par un substrat de culture plus ou moins inerte : sable, pouzzolane, argile expansée, mousse de polyuréthane, tourbe blonde, laine de roche, fibre de coco... Le substrat doit garder, tout au cours de la culture (qui peut durer 11 mois), une structure qui permette une aération suffisante au niveau des racines et un drainage systématique évalué à 20-40 % de la solution nutritive apportée.
La solution nutritive est élaborée par une centrale de ferti-irrigation. Ses caractéristiques (concentration et équilibre entre les différents éléments fertilisants, pH, et conductivité électrique), sont affichées en tenant compte des exigences de l'espèce et du stade de développement de la plante. Sa distribution au niveau des plantes qui se fait par capillaire, goutteurs ou rigole, est pilotée par la centrale et l'ordinateur climatique en fonction les facteurs climatiques enregistrés sur la culture.
En France, le développement significatif des cultures sans sol date des années 1985. Aujourd'hui, la majorité des cultures forcées de serre en tomate et concombre sont cultivées en hors sol. Elles représentent 1 300 ha. Elles sont également présentes en horticulture ornementale (gerbera, rosier en fleur coupée, œillet...).
Le recours à la culture hors sol a comme intérêt de pouvoir maîtriser les facteurs nutritionnels et climatiques qui contribuent à l'élaboration du rendement et, dans certains cas, à la qualité du produit. Il permet également une meilleure maîtrise de l'état sanitaire des plantes vis-à-vis des parasites du sol. Cela se traduit par une amélioration du rendement et un gain de précocité de la culture.
Péron
culture légumière
Système de production de légumes, couvrant trois secteurs : le maraîchage, la culture de plein champ et les jardins familiaux (potagers).
Le maraîchage et la culture de plein champ représentent la production marchande, à l'inverse des jardins familiaux, dont les productions sont consommées sur place (autoconsommation).
Mutations de la filière légumière marchande.
Au cours des 40 dernières années, la filière légumière marchande a subi de fortes mutations, accompagnées par d'importantes avancées technologiques au niveau des cultures. Les cultures maraîchères traditionnelles, représentées par le maraîchage périurbain, composante des ceintures vertes qui alimentent les marchés locaux, sont en nette régression, voire en disparition. En effet, le développement des transports a réduit l'intérêt des cultures à proximité des villes (à l'exception des salades ou des plantes aromatiques). Par ailleurs, l'urbanisation, de plus en plus marquée, a limité les terres maraîchères périurbaines. Les cultures maraîchères ont alors migré dans des zones plus ouvertes, comme dans le sud de la Loire-Atlantique (pour les maraîchers de la banlieue de Nantes). Ces nouveaux bassins de production ont modernisé non seulement l'outil de production (notamment la mécanisation et l'automatisation) mais aussi leur puissance commerciale et leur politique de communication. Ces changements se traduisent par une spécialisation des bassins et l'émergence de tout un ensemble d'activités industrielles, scientifiques et de services. De plus, dans le sous-secteur des légumes d'industrie, il est possible depuis 1999 de déplacer cultures et fabrications industrielles hors des frontières françaises, au profit de pays à fortes potentialités agronomiques et à main-d'œuvre à coût réduit. Ce mouvement est largement amorcé dans les pays de l'Europe de l'Est comme la Pologne et la Hongrie.
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