Pour l'ornementation des jardins, les tulipes sont plantées en automne dans un sol léger, seules ou en association avec des plantes bisannuelles (myosotis), à des distances de 10 à 20 cm. Le bulbe est recouvert de 6 à 10 cm de terre suivant sa taille. L'entretien de la culture se limite à des désherbages. Les tiges à fleurs sont coupées après la floraison, et les tulipes sont arrachées lorsque le feuillage jaunit. Quelques variétés botaniques supportent de rester en place plusieurs années.
L'élaboration de la fleur débute en été pendant la période de repos du bulbe. La fleur est formée à l'intérieur du bulbe au début de septembre, mais le froid hivernal est nécessaire pour que la floraison se produise en avril-mai.
Forçage.
Pour le forçage, on utilise principalement les tulipes `Triomphe', `Darwin' et `Super Darwin'. Les traitements thermiques indispensables comportent une période chaude à plus de 20 °C et une période froide à 9 °C ou à 5 °C suivant les cas. Les bulbes préparés à 9 °C sont au préalable plantés en pot ou en caissette, l'enracinement ayant lieu pendant le traitement. On les force ensuite à 15-17 °C pendant deux à quatre semaines, d'abord à l'obscurité, pour favoriser l'élongation de la tige florale, ensuite en pleine lumière, pour achever le développement de la fleur. Les bulbes préparés à 5 °C sont bons à forcer immédiatement. Ils sont placés directement en serre, en planche ou en culture hydroponique ; le forçage se fait en pleine lumière.
Maladies.
Les principales maladies des bulbes de tulipe sont la fusariose, la pourriture blanche ou sclérotiniose, et la moisissure due au Penicillium. Les viroses transmises par les pucerons font l'objet d'une attention particulière. Les cultures de bulbes subissent systématiquement une phase d'épuration.
Production.
La production des bulbes de tulipes en France occupe 300 ha, principalement en Aquitaine, Bretagne et Pays de la Loire. Les Pays-Bas produisent plus de 3 milliards de bulbes sur 8 000 ha, soit 86 % de la production mondiale. Presque 1 milliard de bulbes y sont forcés pour la production de fleurs coupées (120 millions en France). La tulipe occupe, selon les années, le 2e ou le 3e rang du marché européen des fleurs coupées. En France, environ 73 millions de bulbes de tulipe pour le jardin sont achetés chaque année (sur 220 millions tous bulbes confondus).
Dorion
tulipier
Arbre originaire de l'est des États-Unis, cultivé pour l'ornement des parcs et des jardins (espèce Liriodendron tulipifera, famille des magnoliacées).
Le tulipier est un arbre rustique qui prospère au soleil, en sol humide, profond et bien drainé. Sa multiplication se fait surtout par semis ou greffage pour les différents cultivars.
Dorion
tumeur
En médecine vétérinaire, excroissance due à la prolifération de cellules constituant un tissu nouvellement formé (néoplasme).
Il ne faut pas confondre le terme de tumeur avec celui de tuméfaction, qui correspond à une inflammation aiguë ou chronique déformant une région, ni avec celui d'hypertrophie, qui se rapporte à une prolifération cellulaire et à une augmentation de volume d'un organe sans qu'il y ait naissance d'un nouveau tissu.
Brugère
tunnel
Abri translucide en matière plastique utilisé par les horticulteurs pour hâter ou prolonger leurs productions.
Les films, en polyéthylène ou en polychlorure de vinyle, ont une épaisseur de 80 micromètres (films utilisables une seule saison) à 180 micromètres (films réutilisables plusieurs fois). Ils sont transparents ou translucides pour exploiter l'« effet de serre », accroissant notablement la température à l'intérieur du tunnel par temps ensoleillé.
Les petits tunnels pour cultures basses (melons, fraises, carottes, laitues, etc.) ont remplacé presque complètement les châssis vitrés. Ils sont constitués d'arceaux métalliques ou en plastique rigide, espacés de 0,70 à 1,50 m, larges de 1 à 1,25 m et hauts de 0,50 m environ sur lesquels se fixe le film plastique. On aère les cultures en faisant coulisser le film par endroits.
Les grands tunnels sont de véritables serres atteignant 7 m de largeur et 2,50 m de hauteur ; ils comportent une charpente métallique tubulaire recouverte d'un film plastique transparent. On peut travailler à l'intérieur du tunnel avec des engins à moteur et y cultiver des plantes hautes comme les tomates, les haricots, les roses ou les œillets. L'aération est souvent facilitée par un courant d'air fourni par un ventilateur. La protection contre le gel fait appel à un chauffage à l'air chaud.
Aubineau
turbot
Poisson plat de la famille des scophthalmidés pêché en Atlantique et en Méditerranée.
L'élevage du turbot (Psetta maxima) s'est développé dans les années 1990, principalement en Espagne et en France. Sa production représentait, en 1998, 3 200 t.
Mariojouls
turgescence
État des cellules végétales caractérisé par un gonflement maximal de la vacuole, dû à une entrée d'eau et limité par la contre-pression qu'exercent les parois des cellules.
C'est à leur état normal de turgescence que les organes herbacés doivent leur rigidité.
Henry
turion
Jeune tige naissant de la souche d'une plante vivace.
Chez l'asperge, ce sont les turions que l'on consomme.
Henry
tuteur
Perche, bâton ou armature servant à maintenir une jeune plante.
Le tuteur doit être placé avant l'implantation du végétal pour ne pas endommager les racines, et choisi en fonction de la vigueur de la plante : piquet solide pour un arbre, bambou pour une plante en pot, rame pour les pois ou les haricots La plante est fixée sur le tuteur (palissage) par un lien de raphia ou de matière plastique.
Aubineau
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