Les déshydrateuses doivent extraire très rapidement de grandes quantités d'eau d'un produit initialement très humide (fourrage vert à plus de 85 % d'eau, fourrage préfané à 65 % d'eau). Cette transformation consomme beaucoup d'énergie (en moyenne 0,4 l de fuel pour 1 kg de luzerne déshydratée). Les déshydrateuses dites agricoles qui ont fonctionné en France avant 1980 ont disparu en raison de l'accroissement du coût de l'énergie.
Les déshydrateuses industrielles courantes sont des fours rotatifs horizontaux dans lesquels le produit haché, introduit en continu, effectue un parcours rapide (de l'ordre d'une minute) dans un courant d'air très chaud (environ 1 000 °C au moment du premier contact). L'ensemble des équipements (faucheuses automotrices, récolteuses-hacheuses, engins de transport et de manutention, déshydrateuse, broyeurs, presses à agglomérer, etc.), dont le nombre et la capacité sont fonction du rayon de collecte et du volume traité, est géré par l'usine de déshydratation. Les agriculteurs produisent, sous contrat, de la luzerne sur pied. Dans certaines régions betteravières, la déshydratation des pulpes vient en complément de celle de la luzerne.
désilage
Action d'extraire du fourrage ensilé.
Bougler/Gallouin
désileuse
Appareil de reprise de l'ensilage à l'intérieur des silos. La plupart des désileuses sont aussi distributrices.
Les systèmes de désilage mécanique pour silos verticaux ont pratiquement disparu en France avec ceux-ci. Les désileuses mécaniques pour silos horizontaux sont de plusieurs types.
La désileuse en bloc, portée sur le tracteur, comprend une fourche qui pénètre dans la partie verticale visible du tas d'ensilage (front d'ensilage) et une scie verticale mobile découpant un bloc d'environ 1 000 kg qui sera ensuite transporté vers le point de distribution. Le front d'ensilage reste net, mais la distribution n'est pas mécanisée.
La désileuse à griffes comporte un bras mobile placé en arrière d'une petite benne portée sur le tracteur. Grâce à des vérins hydrauliques à double effet, le bras, muni d'un panneau à griffes pointues, pénètre dans l'ensilage (front d'ensilage irrégulier), puis pousse le paquet arraché vers la benne, que l'on déplace ensuite le long de la ligne d'auges.
La désileuse à fraise rotative comporte une benne portée (éventuellement distributrice) et des bras latéraux mobiles au bout desquels tourne un rotor à griffes qui attaque le front d'ensilage (front régulier) de haut en bas et projette le produit délité dans la benne.
Des désileuses-distributrices-mélangeuses de grande capacité, généralement à fraises rotatives, possèdent au fond de leur trémie une ou plusieurs vis sans fin à couteaux, qui effectuent le déchiquetage de l'ensilage. Certaines peuvent faire des mélanges de produits (ensilages divers, paille, pulpes de betterave, etc.), voire distribuer pneumatiquement. Elles peuvent aussi servir d'appareils de paillage mécanique.
Aubineau
désinfectant
Agent physique ou chimique qui a le pouvoir de détruire les micro-organismes pathogènes.
Le désinfectant idéal doit posséder un large spectre d'activité (virus, mycoplasmes, bactéries, champignons, protozoaires), ne doit pas entraîner la sélection de souches résistantes, doit avoir une action rapide et durable, ne doit pas avoir d'effets corrosifs pour le matériel et d'effets toxiques pour l'utilisateur et les animaux, et enfin doit être biodégradable. De plus il faut qu'il soit d'un emploi facile et d'un prix de revient faible (bien entendu, aucun produit ne possède simultanément toutes ces qualités !).
Parmi les agents physiques, on distingue le feu, qui est efficace pour la désinfection des objets métalliques, la vapeur d'eau sous pression, qui est la seule méthode valable pour détruire les œufs de parasites, les radiations ultraviolettes, qui sont utilisées pour la désinfection des petits objets ou de l'air ambiant, et les radiations ionisantes, qui sont utilisées pour la désinfection de petites quantités d'aliments (des épices par exemple).
Les principaux désinfectants chimiques sont : la soude caustique (à 8/1 000), qui est active sur la plupart des virus et qui sert de désinfectant de référence pour l'agrément des produits désinfectants par le ministère de l'Agriculture ; le chlore et ses dérivés, qui possèdent une grande activité bactéricide et virulicide ; l'iode et ses dérivés, qui présentent une grande activité bactéricide, virulicide et fongicide ; le formol, qui est utilisé sous forme gazeuse ou en aérosol comme bactériostatique ; les ammoniums quaternaires, qui ont un spectre d'activité limité, etc.
Bougler/Gallouin
désorption
Phénomène inverse de l'adsorption correspondant au passage dans la phase liquide des espèces chimiques retenues sur la phase solide du sol.
Calvet
dessiccant
Substance herbicide agissant uniquement par contact uniquement sur les organes non lignifiés, et utilisée sur certaines cultures (notamment pour faciliter la récolte).
Les dessiccants sont par exemple employés pour le défanage de la pomme de terre, la dessiccation du tournesol, du haricot, du pois protéagineux, du soja et pour l'épamprage de la vigne.
Raynal
dessiccation
Élimination de l'humidité d'un corps.
Calvet
dessouchage
Opération qui consiste à enlever les souches des arbres abattus.
Le dessouchage précède généralement la mise en culture, la plantation ou le reboisement d'un terrain. Il est le plus souvent réalisé à l'aide d'une machine à dessoucher (dessoucheuse).
Le dessouchage manuel à la pioche et à la hache étant très difficile, les cultures et les plantations manuelles en milieu boisé sont pratiquées entre les souches, après un abattis-brûlis partiel, sans dessouchage.
Aubineau
dessoucheuse
Appareil forestier ou de travaux publics servant au dessouchage.
Les dessoucheuses rotatives spécialisées, portées à l'arrière de tracteurs forestiers et entraînées par la prise de force, réalisent un carottage de 0,50 m de diamètre et de 1 à 1,30 m de profondeur, qui coupe les racines. La souche est sortie du sol par le relevage hydraulique.
Les broyeurs de souches à fraises ou à scies circulaires, utilisés seuls ou en complément des matériels de dessouchage, débitent les souches en gros copeaux.
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