Bien que plusieurs espèces d'adventices aient une distribution géographique et écologique particulière, un certain nombre sont ubiquistes. Cependant, ce sont les systèmes de culture et les techniques culturales qui ont la plus grande incidence sur la distribution des adventices.
Gasquez
adventif, adventive
Se dit d'un organe végétal qui se développe en dehors de sa position habituelle, à partir de tissus déjà différenciés.
Les bourgeons adventifs apparaissent sur des feuilles, des racines, des troncs ; les racines adventives sur des tiges.
Henry
aérobie
1. Se dit d'un micro-organisme qui ne peut se développer qu'en présence d'air ou d'oxygène libre, par opposition à anaérobie. 2. Par extension, se dit aussi d'une fermentation qui se produit en présence d'air (transformation d'alcool en acide acétique, ou vinaigre).
Les moisissures, les champignons, certaines bactéries sont des êtres aérobies stricts ; ils meurent en l'absence d'air. Les bactéries aérobies sont utilisées comme agents épurateurs des eaux résiduaires ; elles se développent en se nourrissant de la pollution organique.
Chaillou
aéroengrangeur
Transporteur pneumatique de fourrage en vrac permettant le remplissage des bâtiments de stockage.
Utilisé en montagne pour stocker le foin en vrac, cet appareil comporte une trémie de réception, un ventilateur et des tuyaux de refoulement de 50 à 60 cm de diamètre, assemblés de diverses manières de façon à alimenter la totalité de l'aire de stockage. Le ventilateur, entraîné par un moteur électrique ou par la prise de force d'un tracteur, absorbe environ de 10 à 12 kW pour 10 t/h de fourrage.
Aubineau
affection
Entité pathologique générale ou localisée à un appareil ou à un organe, dont la cause (fonctionnelle, infectieuse, parasitaire...) n'est pas connue ni mentionnée.
Ce terme est souvent utilisé pour regrouper un ensemble d'entités pathologiques de causes diverses (affections pulmonaire, digestive, cérébrale, oculaire...).
BRUGÈRE
affermer
Donner ou prendre, à bail ou à ferme, un bien rural.
Mazoyer
afficheur de données
Dispositif à diodes lumineuses ou à cristaux liquides, permettant d'afficher soit uniquement des chiffres (afficheur 7 segments), soit des caractères alphanumériques (afficheur à matrice 35 points).
Grenier
affinage
Dernière étape de la fabrication de certains aliments, notamment des fromages, ayant subi une fermentation.
Au cours de multiples transformations microbiennes, le fromage perd de l'eau et forme sa croûte tandis que, dans la masse, s'opèrent la destruction du lactose, une hydrolyse limitée de la matière grasse ainsi qu'une protéolise de la caséine. L'affinage améliore l'arôme, la saveur, la texture et l'aspect des fromages. Il s'effectue dans des locaux climatisés (de 1-12oC à 15-18oC) et humides pendant une durée variable, de 3 semaines (camembert) à quelques mois (cantal).
Bermond
affinité
En techniques culturales, plus ou moins grande possibilité de greffer ensemble deux individus. ANT. : incompatibilité au greffage (ex. : pommier sur poirier).
Mauget
affouage
1. Droit que possèdent les habitants d'une commune de couper du bois dans les forêts appartenant à celle-ci. 2. Désigne la part de bois qui revient à chaque foyer.
Dans la pratique actuelle, le conseil municipal décide, soit de vendre les bois au profit de la commune, soit de les attribuer aux habitants (à charge pour eux de les exploiter). Les forêts communales soumises au régime forestier étant gérées par l'ONF, l'application de ce droit se fait d'un commun accord entre l'ONF et le conseil municipal.
Décourt
affouragement
Action de distribuer des fourrages aux animaux herbivores domestiques.
L'affouragement s'effectue avec des fourrages frais (affouragement en vert) ou conservés sous forme de foin ou d'ensilage. Dans le cas de l'affouragement en vert, les fourrages sont coupés quotidiennement sur les surfaces en herbe et distribués en l'état à l'animal maintenu en stabulation. Cette pratique, rendue possible par le développement de la mécanisation et l'obtention de variétés végétales à croissance rapide et à rendement élevé, permet d'obtenir une exploitation maximale (sans sous- ni surexploitation) du couvert végétal. En revanche, elle accroît les charges de travail, d'équipements mécaniques, de construction et de fonctionnement.
SCHMIDELY
affranchissement
Sur un arbre greffé, production de racines au-dessus du point de greffage (bourrelet), permettant au sujet de s'alimenter directement en sève brute, indépendamment de son porte-greffe.
L'affranchissement peut donner à l'arbre un excès de vigueur nuisible à la fructification.
Mazoyer
aflatoxines
Métabolites toxiques secondaires (mycotoxines) produits par certaines souches de micromycètes (champignons) comme Aspergillus flavus et A. parasiticus, en particulier dans le cas de l'arachide, du maïs et du sorgho produits ou conservés dans des conditions inappropriées de température et d'humidité.
Les aflatoxines présentent une grande toxicité et un fort pouvoir cancérigène (cancer du foie). Des normes ou des recommandations existent en Europe, notamment pour l'aflatoxine B1 : elles sont fixées à 0,2 mg/kg d'aliment (à 12 % d'humidité) pour les matières premières destinées aux fabricants d'aliments pour animaux, et entre 0,01 mg/kg pour les aliments complémentaires destinés au bétail laitier et 0,05 mg/kg pour les aliments simples destinés à l'utilisation directe chez l'éleveur.
SCHMIDELY
agalactie
Absence de sécrétion lactée après la mise bas, ou arrêt de cette sécrétion au cours d'une lactation. SYN. : agalaxie.
Bougler/Gallouin
age
Pièce maîtresse de la charrue sur laquelle se fixent les pièces travaillantes, par l'intermédiaire de l'étançon.
Les charrues à plusieurs socs comportent plusieurs ages parallèles montés sur une même poutre oblique.
Aubineau
âge
Durée écoulée depuis la naissance.
Zoologie.
La connaissance de l'âge d'un animal domestique est importante, car elle conditionne sa valeur économique. En l'absence d'état civil, l'âge d'un animal peut être estimé au vu de sa morphologie, de l'état de pousse et d'usure de ses dents, de la dimension de son cornage...
BOUGLER/Décourt
Botanique.
On peut déterminer l'âge d'un arbre en comptant les cernes annuels de croissance sur sa section au niveau du sol. On peut aussi le faire sans abattre l'arbre, en prélevant un échantillon (ou carotte) à l'aide d'une tarière spéciale.
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