Le CUD apparent augmente avec le flux ingéré et tend vers le CUD réel lorsque celui-ci est très élevé. Ainsi, le biais expérimental de la mesure du CUD apparent, par rapport au CUD réel, est d'autant plus important que le flux ingéré est faible.
Chapoutot Schmidely
cognassier
Petit arbre au port buissonnant originaire d'Asie Mineure, cultivé pour son fruit, le coing (espèce Cydonia oblonga, famille des rosacées)
Le cognassier mesure de 4 à 5 m de haut. C'est un arbre fruitier très anciennement cultivé, aux feuilles duveteuses et aux grandes fleurs solitaires, s'épanouissant tardivement en mai. Certains cultivars, tels que le cognassier d'Angers et le cognassier de Provence, sont utilisés comme porte-greffes du poirier. Parmi les meilleures variétés fruitières se trouvent `Champion', `Géant de Vrania' et `Géant du Portugal'.
Culture.
Le cognassier résiste bien au froid hivernal et aux gelées printanières. Il redoute les chaleurs et la sécheresse de l'été, qui freinent le grossissement des fruits. Il se plaît en sol frais et léger, et craint les sols calcaires. La multiplication se fait essentiellement par marcottage ou par greffage en écusson sur cognassier d'Angers ou de Provence. Le semis est réservé à la recherche de variétés nouvelles. Le bouturage en sec est possible. Le cognassier est surtout sensible à la moniliose et à la tavelure.
Récolte.
Les fruits sont récoltés à complète maturité, lorsque le duvet qui les recouvre s'enlève par frottement. Ils ne doivent pas être entreposés avec d'autres fruits, car ils leur communiquent leur odeur et leur saveur particulières.
Production.
En France, les cultures sont dispersées dans le Sud-Est et le Sud-Ouest, dans les jardins familiaux (150 ha). La production varie de 1 500 à 2 200 t par an. La production mondiale est d'environ 370 000 t, avec la Turquie comme principal pays producteur.
cognassier du Japon
Arbuste épineux décoratif, originaire de Chine ou du Japon, aux fleurs printanières très brillantes (genre Chaenomeles, famille des rosacées).
Plusieurs espèces de cognassiers du Japon sont cultivées, dont Chaenomeles japonica et Chaenomeles lagenaria, qui a donné naissance à de nombreuses variétés dont les fruits sont comestibles. C. x superba est un hybride des 2 espèces citées.
Culture.
Rustique, le cognassier du Japon préfère les endroits ensoleillés ou à l'abri d'un mur. Il est multiplié soit par bouturage sous brumisation en été, soit par greffage sur le cognassier commun (Cydonia vulgaris) au printemps, soit enfin par marcottage en septembre. Le semis est possible à l'automne. Les plantes obtenues fleurissent en général 3 ou 4 ans plus tard mais ne reproduisent cependant pas les variétés recherchées. Le cognassier du Japon peut être palissé ou cultivé en buisson. Il est taillé, si nécessaire, après la floraison. Un sol très calcaire peut provoquer une chlorose (jaunissement des feuilles).
Dorion
cohésion
En pédologie, propriété du sol qui détermine sa résistance à la rupture.
La cohésion d'un fragment terreux (agrégat, motte) dépend de l'intensité des forces qui lient les particules constitutives du sol (grains de sable, particules de limon ou d'argile...) entre elles. Ces forces sont de natures diverses (liaisons cationiques, forces électrostatiques...) et sont liées à la tension superficielle de l'eau disposée en film entre ces particules. Pour un sol de texture donnée, la cohésion varie en premier lieu avec la teneur en eau. Lorsque celle-ci augmente, la cohésion s'accroît dans un premier temps du fait de l'augmentation des zones de capillarité. Puis, lorsque la teneur en eau continue à croître, la cohésion diminue du fait de la baisse des forces de frottement, de la dispersion des ciments colloïdaux et de la diminution des forces de succion. Si l'humidité augmente encore, le sol peut changer de nature physique, passant de l'état solide à l'état de liquide visqueux.
À un état d'humidité donné, la cohésion dépend de la composition granulométrique de la terre qui détermine l'importances des surfaces de contact entre les particules. Enfin, l'état structural du sol, qui fixe l'organisation des particules entre elles, influe également sur sa cohésion : un sol tassé est plus cohérent qu'un sol meuble où l'arrangement des particules est moins serré. Plus le sol est cohérent, plus il est difficile à travailler. La cohésion des agrégats détermine leur résistance à la rupture sous l'impact des gouttes d'eau et donc leur stabilité structurale.
Roger-Estrade
coing
Fruit du cognassier, oblong, de couleur jaune, côtelé, recouvert d'un fin duvet floconneux.
La chair du coing est ferme, très parfumée, juteuse, riche en tanin et en pectine. Les pépins sont aussi riches en pectine. Ce fruit est utilisé en confiturerie et en confiserie pour la fabrication de purées, gelées, jus, sirops, pâtes de fruits, etc.
Mauget
coléoptères
Ordre d'insectes à métamorphose complète, pourvus de pièces buccales broyeuses, dont la paire d'ailes antérieures (les élytres) forme au repos un étui corné rigide qui protège la paire d'ailes postérieures membraneuses, tels les coccinelles, les carabes, les charançons et les hannetons.
STREBLER/RAYNAL
coléoptile
Gaine protectrice de la tige de la plantule des graminées au moment de la germination.
Henry
coléorhize
Gaine protectrice des racines produites par la plantule des graminées au moment de la germination.
Henry
coléus
Plante vivace originaire de Java, aux feuilles panachées de coloris très variables et aux inflorescences mauves ou bleues, cultivée pour l'ornement (genre Coleus, famille des labiées).
On trouve, parmi les espèces de coléus cultivées, Coleus blumei hybrides et Coleus thyrsoideus. On obtient de grands sujets par un semis en janvier. Le bouturage de tige en août ou en mars donne aussi de bons résultats. Très sensibles au gel, les plants ne doivent pas être placés au jardin avant la fin des gelées. Les arrosages et les pulvérisations doivent être abondants en hiver, alors que le repos estival doit être respecté, sans toutefois laisser la motte se dessécher. La multiplication se fait par bouturage en mars-avril. Rares sont les espèces de coléus qui survivent après un hiver. Généralement, les plantes s'étiolent et se dégarnissent à la base pendant la 2e année.
Dorion
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