En France, les tracteurs agricoles ont en général 4 roues motrices (95 % des ventes en 1995) et sont munis de moteurs Diesel de 40 à 120 kW (50 à 160 ch), comportant 4, 6 ou 8 cylindres, à régime assez lent (1 800 à 2 500 tr/min) et injection directe. La boîte de vitesses est très perfectionnée (12, 15 ou 24 vitesses avant et 2 à 4 marches arrière), avec passage sous couple et inverseur de marche. La prise de force est indépendante (deux embrayages séparés) et comporte plusieurs régimes normalisés (540 tr/min et 1 000 tr/min à puissance maximale). Le relevage hydraulique comporte plusieurs asservissements, au minimum un contrôle automatique de l'effort de traction et un contrôle de la position de l'outil porté. Le circuit hydraulique sous pression (100 à 200 bar) débouche sur des prises extérieures qui alimentent les vérins de bennage des remorques basculantes ou les moteurs hydrauliques extérieurs. Les pneumatiques des roues motrices sont larges, à carcasse radiale, à reliefs autonettoyants et à basse pression (inférieure à 2 bar) pour limiter la compaction du sol ; à cet effet, on peut aussi jumeler les roues, en particulier pour les travaux de printemps sur terrain de faible portance. La cabine est étanche, chauffée et souvent climatisée ; elle est insonorisée et possède une cage de protection contre le renversement. Le siège, très confortable, s'adapte à la morphologie de chaque conducteur. Le tableau de bord, très complet, indique tous les paramètres importants de fonctionnement (température de l'eau de refroidissement, vitesse de rotation du moteur et des prises de force, vitesses d'avancement, etc.) et comporte en outre des cadrans liés à des calculateurs donnant en permanence des indications précises sur le travail effectué (ha/h, consommation de fioul, horaire et journalière, glissement des roues motrices, etc.). Le conducteur peut parfois choisir un seuil de glissement acceptable (par exemple 25 %), et un petit calculateur (dit « ordinateur de bord »), dans lequel entrent en permanence la vitesse réelle d'avancement et la vitesse de rotation des roues, se charge de piloter automatiquement le relevage hydraulique pour maintenir le glissement à la valeur choisie.
En France, les tracteurs agricoles ont une vitesse limitée, par construction, à 40 km/h sur route, depuis 1995.
Aubineau
train
1. Machinisme. Terme désignant un ensemble d'éléments mécaniques ou un ensemble de machines associées ou se succédant.
On parle de train (avant, arrière, directeur) sur un tracteur, d'avant-train sur une remorque ou une machine, mais aussi de train de disques sur un pulvériseur, de train d'outils pour des instruments associés, et enfin de trains d'engrenages dans une boîte de vitesse.
2. Zoologie. Partie antérieure (train avant ou train antérieur) ou partie postérieure (train arrière ou train postérieur) d'un quadrupède.
Bougler/Gallouin
trait du Nord
Race française de chevaux de trait proche du trait belge.
Fortement charpenté (1,65 m au garrot, poids adulte de 1 000 kg pour les mâles), le trait du Nord présente une robe baie, rouanne ou aubère, plus rarement alezane. Couvrant le Nord, sa région d'élevage longe les Ardennes et se prolonge dans la zone auxoise. Autrefois utilisé dans les grandes plaines du Nord pour les cultures céréalières et betteravières, il sert encore un peu aux travaux des champs (maraîchage, débardage de bois), mais il s'est principalement reconverti dans l'attelage de compétition et les randonnées montées ou attelées.
Baudouin
traite
Action de prélever le lait de la mamelle d'une femelle de mammifère, manuellement ou mécaniquement.
Traditionnellement, la traite est effectuée 2 fois/jour, soit en salle de traite, soit à l'aide de pots trayeurs portables que l'on transporte d'un animal à l'autre. Cette utilisation est particulièrement développée lorsque les animaux sont en alpage ou sur de petites exploitations. En élevage bovin laitier, on intensifie parfois la production en trayant 3 fois/jour, ce qui permet une augmentation de la production journalière de lait d'environ 12 %. Inversement, on peut supprimer une traite une fois par semaine pour une convenance personnelle (le dimanche soir, par exemple). Le développement récent des robots de traite qui permettent une traite à la demande de l'animal sans exiger la présence de l'éleveur conduit à une moyenne d'environ 3 traites/animal/jour.
Chavatte/Palmer
trakehner
Race de chevaux de selle, originaire de Pologne (ancienne Prusse-Orientale), élevée sur tout le territoire allemand.
Très élégant, le trakehner est le fruit de croisements avec l'arabe et le pur-sang. D'une taille comprise entre 1,60 et 1,70 m, il est apprécié pour toutes les disciplines équestres avec une préférence pour le dressage et le concours complet.
Baudouin
trancheuse
Machine servant à creuser les tranchées.
On ne trouve les trancheuses que sous la forme de draineuses trancheuses, machines combinées qui creusent une tranchée et posent les drains.
Aubineau
tranquillisant
Substance chimique ayant une action dépressive sur le système nerveux central et réduisant les réactions d'angoisse.
Brugère
transgenèse
Insertion d'un gène étranger dans le patrimoine génétique d'un individu.
Chez les animaux domestiques, la transgenèse s'effectue actuellement le plus souvent par micro-injection d'ADN dans l'un des pronoyaux de l'embryon, juste après la fécondation.
Chavatte/Palmer
transhumance
Système d'élevage fondé sur l'utilisation successive, au cours de l'année, de ressources fourragères de régions dont la période de végétation est décalée.
La transhumance peut être pratiquée entre des régions de basse altitude et des pâturages de montagne, ou entre des zones situées sous des climats différents. Le terme de nomadisme est souvent préféré dans ce dernier cas. La transhumance est le fait de bergers qui conduisent les bêtes de pâturage en pâturage sur une longue distance, la majorité de la population restant au village. La transhumance ovine, connue depuis fort longtemps, est une forme de vie pastorale étroitement associée aux régions de climat méditerranéen, où la plaine et la montagne se trouvent très proches. On la rencontre en Espagne, en Italie, dans les Balkans, en France méridionale et en Afrique du Nord. Dans toutes ces régions, les pâturages habituels sont secs et improductifs pendant l'été, et les bergers doivent trouver d'autres ressources alimentaires : prairies d'altitude en Europe, chaumes de céréales en Afrique du Nord.
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