Dans les écuries mixtes (avec des boxes et des stalles), on peut isoler dans les boxes les poulinières, les chevaux au caractère difficile, les animaux malades, blessés ou fragiles.
Dans les écuries en stabulation libre, les animaux de même sexe sont logés par bandes de quinze unités au maximum. Ce type d'écuries est parfois utilisé pour l'hivernage des jeunes et pour l'engraissement des poulains de boucherie. Il faut prévoir 5 ou 6 m2 par animal pour les jeunes, 10 m2 pour un adulte. Dans tous les cas, une pente au sol de 1 ou 2 % est indispensable.
Normes générales.
L'écurie doit être sèche, claire et bien aérée. Il faut compter un renouvellement de 50 m3 d'air/cheval/heure, assuré par une cheminée d'aération ou par des fenêtres situées au-dessus de la tête des chevaux. Les ouvertures ne doivent être fermées que par temps très froid. Leur surface doit atteindre 1/15 de la surface du sol. Il faut éviter les courants d'air et maintenir une température moyenne de 15 °C.
Chaque animal adulte doit disposer d'un confort suffisant pour son repos ; il faut que les portes, aux bords arrondis, ouvrent vers l'extérieur et mesurent de 1,20 à 1,30 m de large et de 2,30 à 2,50 m de haut. L'abreuvoir peut être automatique ; il remplace alors le système traditionnel du seau. La litière doit être nettoyée régulièrement des crottins et recouverte de paille fraîche. La hauteur sous plafond doit être au minimum de 3,50 m. On choisit les matériaux de construction de façon que le sol ne soit ni glissant ni trop dur pour éviter la fatigue des membres des chevaux.
Baudouin
écusson
1. Botanique. Bourgeon détaché d'un rameau avec un peu d'écorce, pour être greffé sur un porte-greffe. 2. Anat. Animale. Dessin formé par le poil entre la vulve et la mamelle chez les vaches, ou entre l'anus et la verge chez les taureaux, et dessinant un motif d'écusson.
Mauget
édaphique
Se dit d'un facteur ou d'une condition liée au sol, qui influence le développement et la croissance des végétaux et des animaux.
Les exigences édaphiques d'une plante concernent donc les facteurs inhérents au sol et non pas ceux liés au climat ou à la morphologie.
MCGirard
effaceur de traces
Organe ayant pour objet de supprimer le tassement du sol occasionné par le passage des roues du tracteur. Il comporte une ou deux dents souples fixées sur le bâti du semoir.
Aubineau
effarouchement acoustique
Ensemble des techniques sonores mises en place pour éloigner les oiseaux des semis, des arbres fruitiers, des aérodromes, etc.
Les procédés par explosions (canons effaroucheurs) donnent des résultats médiocres car les oiseaux s'habituent et le voisinage peut être gêné. La technique qui consiste à diffuser par haut-parleurs des enregistrements de cris de détresse d'animaux est spécifique et crée moins d'accoutumance.
Gallouin
effet de bordure
Influence du milieu environnant sur les plantes situées aux bords des parcelles.
Les végétaux placés sur les bordures se trouvent dans des conditions écologiques particulières (lumière, évapotranspiration, etc.). Quand on effectue des mesures agronomiques (par exemple, pourcentage de plantes malades, présence de mauvaises herbes, évapotranspiration...), il faut donc les faire à 50 m au moins des limites du champ.
Girard
effet d'inbreeding
Diminution de vigueur des plantes, observée généralement chez les espèces à fécondation croisée soumises artificiellement à l'autofécondation. SYN. : dépression de consanguinité.
L'effet d'inbreeding un phénomène directement lié à la disparition de l'état hétérozygote. C'est donc l'inverse du phénomène d'hétérosis (ou vigueur hybride). À partir d'un hybride F1 (hybride simple), elle est d'autant plus forte que le phénomène d'hétérosis est fort.
Chez le maïs par exemple, à partir d'un hybride ou de plantes d'une population, on observe un effet d'inbreeding plus ou moins fort dans les descendances de plantes obtenues par autofécondation : réduction de la taille des entre-noeuds, du diamètre des tiges, de la grosseur des épis, etc. Cet effet, très net dès la première génération d'autofécondation, s'amortit progressivement, et la vigueur tend à se stabiliser vers la sixième génération, lorsque l'état homozygote est atteint à plus de 95 %. Après quelques générations supplémentaires, l'état homozygote est considéré comme atteint pour l'ensemble des gènes : on parle alors de lignée pure.
Gallais
effet mâle
Induction et synchronisation naturelle des chaleurs dans un groupe de femelles (petits ruminants, porcins, équins) lors de l'introduction d'un mâle dans le troupeau.
Chavatte/Palmer
effeuillage
Pratique consistant à éliminer les feuilles ou à les récolter de manière échelonnée.
L'effeuillage est la méthode classique de récolte du tabac. En arboriculture, viticulture ou jardinage (melons, tomates...), on élimine les feuilles situées à proximité des fruits pour faciliter leur maturation : l'ensoleillement direct, s'il n'est pas trop fort, accélère le mûrissement et améliore la coloration des fruits. Cette opération doit être pratiquée avec soin : elle doit intervenir suffisamment tard en saison pour ne pas pénaliser l'alimentation des fruits, et il faut éviter d'abîmer le bourgeon axillaire et le rameau.
Roger-Estrade
effeuilleuse
Machine spécialisée ou, plus souvent, organe d'une machine plus complète qui intervient avant l'arrachage des racines de betteraves à sucre pour sectionner les feuilles au-dessus du collet avant le scalpage.
Le principe le plus couramment appliqué sur les effeuilleuses est celui d'un hachage rapide par un rotor à fléaux. En général, le produit ainsi obtenu est aligné sur le côté des rangs traités ou chargé directement dans une remorque ; un moulinet équipé de battes radiales en caoutchouc ou un balai à doigts flexibles parfait le nettoyage des collets en éliminant les feuilles tombantes qui ont échappé aux fléaux.
La plupart du temps, effeuillage et scalpage sont aujourd'hui réalisés en un seul passage par une effeuilleuse-scalpeuse.
Aubineau
efficience de l'eau
Quantité d'eau consommée par une culture pour produire une unité de matière sèche de cette culture pendant une période donnée.
Pour toute la période de culture, cette valeur varie, selon les espèces, entre 300 et 900 kg d'eau/kg de matière sèche.
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