Les tubercules assurent la survie des plantes pendant la mauvaise saison et, éventuellement, la multiplication végétative chez les espèces dont un pied produit plusieurs tubercules. Les réserves accumulées dans les tissus sont principalement des glucides : saccharose (betterave), amidon (pomme de terre), inuline (dahlia, topinambour). Les tubercules souterrains ne diffèrent guère des rhizomes que par leur forme plus trapue et leur croissance généralement limitée. Le tubercule est parfois aérien (chou-rave, orchidées épiphytes, par ex.).
Henry
tuberculose
Maladie infectieuse, commune à l'homme et à de nombreuses espèces animales.
La tuberculose est due à diverses espèces bactériennes appartenant au genre Mycobacterium. La dénomination de « bacilles tuberculeux » regroupe 3 bactéries principales : M. tuberculosis, M. bovis et M. avium, respectivement responsables des tuberculoses humaine, bovine et aviaire, mais pouvant toucher toutes les espèces bien que leur pouvoir pathogène soit variable selon les espèces animales. La tuberculose bovine, due à M. bovis et parfois à M. tuberculosis, est une zoonose majeure. Il s'agit d'une maladie légalement réputée contagieuse lorsqu'il s'agit de tuberculose avancée du poumon, tuberculose de l'intestin, tuberculose de la mamelle, tuberculose de l'utérus. Dans les autres cas, elle donne lieu à déclaration obligatoire.
Les conditions de l'infection tuberculeuse dépendent de nombreux facteurs tenant au bacille (virulence), à l'hôte (réceptivité) et aux modalités de contamination. L'hôte réagit par une réaction immunitaire de type cellulaire (hypersensibilité retardée), mise en évidence par l'injection de tuberculine.
Les symptômes sont caractéristiques d'une maladie à évolution chronique quelle que soit l'espèce atteinte. En conséquence, il y a plus d'animaux infectés asymptomatiques (tuberculose-infection) que d'animaux malades (tuberculose-maladie) dans le troupeau atteint. On peut noter de grandes variations dans le tableau clinique car tous les tissus et organes peuvent être atteints. Mais l'évolution clinique est chronique avec un amaigrissement progressif. Le plus souvent la maladie sera découverte à l'abattoir avec l'observation de lésions parfois importantes alors que les symptômes ont été peu importants. Ces lésions seront soit très délimitées (tubercules) soit plus diffuses (infiltrations et épanchements tuberculeux).
La vaccination est fondée sur l'administration du B.C.G. à partir du bacille dénué de pouvoir pathogène. Comme pour la vaccination, les traitements sont réservés à l'espèce humaine afin de limiter l'apparition de bacilles présentant une antibiorésistance.
La tuberculose bovine a fait l'objet d'une prophylaxie sanitaire basée sur la détection des animaux infectés (tuberculination) et l'éradication des cheptels atteints. Cette protection obligatoire en vue d'une qualification de cheptels bovins reconnus indemnes de tuberculose a permis de faire diminuer la prévalence des élevages infectés de 25 % en 1955 à 1 % en 1980.
Dans le cas du bacille tuberculeux aviaire, l'infection des oiseaux n'est pas soumise à déclaration obligatoire. L'homme peut cependant être contaminé par M. avium dans certaines circonstances (immunodépression).
Brugère-Picoux
tubérisation
Transformation en tubercules ou en pseudo-bulbes de la partie inférieure de la tige ou des organes radiculaires de certains végétaux.
Au cours de la tubérisation, les cellules végétales accumulent des substances de réserve variées (amidon chez la pomme de terre, saccharose chez la betterave, inuline chez le topinambour et la chicorée) provenant le plus souvent de la photosynthèse réalisée au niveau des feuilles.
Chaillou
tularémie
Maladie infectieuse et contagieuse due au bacille Francisella tularensis, épidémique chez le lièvre et transmissible à l'homme.
L'homme est le révélateur de l'épizootie chez le lièvre. Les voies d'entrée naturelle sont les voies cutanée (le germe peut traverser une peau saine), conjonctivale, digestive ou respiratoire. Le diagnostic est difficile et les symptômes varient selon la voie d'entrée du germe (forme ulcéro-ganglionnaire le plus souvent après inoculation de la main). Le traitement doit être instauré précocement (antibiothérapie). La prophylaxie consiste à éviter l'introduction de lièvres dans une région indemne, d'informer les chasseurs et les professionnels de ne pas toucher sans précautions les lièvres malades ou trouvés morts. Cette maladie est à déclaration obligatoire et il s'agit d'une maladie professionnelle.
Brugère-Picoux
tulipe
1. Plante bulbeuse à grande et belle fleur solitaire en forme de vase, de couleur très variable, très utilisée à des fins ornementales (genre Tulipa,famille des liliacées). 2. Fleur de cette plante.
La tulipe possède un bulbe rond. Elle présente une fleur unique, terminale, en forme de gobelet, rarement ramifiée. La fleur comprend trois pétales et trois sépales absolument identiques. Les tulipes améliorées, issues d'hybridations, sont appelées tulipes horticoles, les autres tulipes botaniques. Les tulipes sont utilisées pour la décoration des massifs et des pelouses, le forçage ou la production de fleurs coupées.
Il existe plus de 4 000 variétés de tulipes horticoles (Tulipa gesneriana). On les classe en fonction de leur date de floraison : en mars-avril : les simples et doubles hâtives (15-40 cm) ; en avril-mai : les mi-hâtives, types `Triomphe' et `Darwinéraquo ; hybrides (35-70 cm) ; en mai : les simples tardives, types `Darwin' et `Cottages' (60-80 cm), les tulipes fleurs de lis, aux pétales effilés en pointe, les tulipes `Perroquet' aux pétales frangés, les tulipes à fleurs de pivoine.
Les tulipes botaniques encore cultivées actuellement sont T. kaufmanniana, aux vifs coloris et très hâtive, T. greigii, très hâtive, à grande fleur et à feuillage veiné de brun, et T. fosteriana.
Culture.
La multiplication des cultivars se fait par séparation des caïeux. On cultive ceux-ci pendant trois ou quatre ans, jusqu'à ce qu'ils atteignent un volume suffisant pour permettre une belle floraison (bulbiculture).
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