La ville montre un incontestable dynamisme, bien que située à l’écart des grands axes de circulation principaux, qui, depuis un siècle, passent plus à l’est. Elle est aussi éloignée des grandes métropoles de l’Ouest français, Nantes et Bordeaux. Elle regarde souvent vers Paris, auquel elle est reliée par liaisons ferroviaires rapides. Elle attend beaucoup d’une éventuelle desserte par l’autoroute de Poitiers à Bordeaux et de l’amélioration des liaisons routières avec La Rochelle.
S. L.
➙ Poitou-Charentes / Sèvres (départ. des Deux-).
nitrés (dérivés)
Composés non rencontrés à l’état naturel et caractérisés par la présence, dans leur formule, du groupe écrit conventionnellement —NO2. La nomenclature les désigne du nom de l’hydrocarbure correspondant précédé de nitro : C
En principe, les dérivés nitrés peuvent se préparer par action de l’acide nitrique sur les hydrocarbures : RH + NO3H → H2O + R—NO2 (nitration) ; mais les modalités varient avec la nature de l’hydrocarbure. Le méthane est nitré par l’acide nitrique, le plus anhydre possible, en phase gazeuse ; les alcanes moyens, par ébullition avec l’acide nitrique assez concentré ; les carbures aromatiques, par l’acide nitrique fumant ou le mélange sulfonitrique vers 0 °C. La nitration se répète facilement dans le cas du méthane ou des carbures benzéniques, conduisant à des polynitrés.
Seuls les dérivés nitrés aliphatiques peuvent s’obtenir par la réaction d’échange
Les dérivés nitrés sont associés par interaction de dipôle, ce qui les rend peu volatils dès le premier terme, le nitrométhane CH3—NO2, qui bout à 100 °C ; seuls les tout premiers termes sont solubles dans l’eau. Les dérivés nitrés sont relativement stables thermiquement, mais, leur décomposition étant exothermique, les termes simples et les dérivés polynitrés deviennent explosifs, soit par élévation brusque de la température, soit sous l’influence d’un détonateur. Seuls les dérivés trinitrés des noyaux aromatiques constituent pratiquement des explosifs ; c’est en particulier le cas du trinitrotoluène (T. N. T. ou tolite) :
Notons que quelques représentants de ces carbures benzéniques trinitrés ont une odeur puissante ; ils constituent les « muscs nitrés ».
Tous les dérivés nitrés R—NO2, ArNO2 sont réductibles, soit par voie catalytique (Ni), soit par voie chimique (Fe + HCl), en amines primaires R—NH2 ou Ar—NH2. La réduction du nitrobenzène est la seule préparation pratique de l’aniline C6H5—NH2.
Toutefois, le nitrobenzène peut subir des réductions partielles, dont les intermédiaires, avant l’aniline, sont la phénylhydroxylamine C6H5—NHOH (isomérisable en para-aminophénol), l’azoxybenzène C6H5—NO=N—C6H5, l’azobenzène C6H5—N=N—C6H5, l’hydrazobenzène C6H5—NH—NH—C6H5, isomérisable en benzidine ; les réductions intermédiaires, génératrices de para-amino-phénol et de benzidine, ont un intérêt pratique.
Les dérivés nitrés aliphatiques sur un carbone non tertiaire sont caractérisés par une grande mobilité des hydrogènes liés à ce carbone. Les halogènes s’y substituent très facilement : CH
32232
—NO + 3 Cl → 3 HCl + Cl CNO (chloropicrine).
L’acide nitreux remplace l’hydrogène par NO :
Si R′ = H, le nitrol est soluble en rouge dans les alcalis : Mais la manifestation la plus importante de cette mobilité de l’hydrogène est l’addition des dérivés carbonylés en milieu alcalin : Ces alcools nitrés sont réductibles en amino-alcools, d’où un accès facile à des alcaloïdes artificiels employés en pharmacie.
Dans le cas du nitrométhane et de l’aldéhyde formique, l’addition se répète deux fois : 3 HCHO + CH
32232
—NO → (CHOH)C—NO.
L’éther trinitrique de ce triol nitré est un puissant explosif, supérieur à la nitroglycérine.
C. P.
nitriles
Composés résultant du remplacement, dans un hydrocarbure, d’un hydrogène par le groupe —C≡N (écrit —CN).
Officiellement, ils sont désignés par le nom de l’hydrocarbure à même condensation en carbone suivi du suffixe nitrile : CH3—CH2—CH2—CN = butane nitrile ; mais on emploie diverses autres nomenclatures ; l’éthane nitrile CH3—CN est aussi appelé acétonitrile, cyanométhane, cyanure de méthyle.
En dehors du tout premier terme, l’acide cyanhydrique H—CN, un peu particulier, les nitriles n’existent guère à l’état naturel.
Les nitriles résultent de la déshydratation des sels d’ammonium ou des amides primaires :
Cette déshydratation catalytique (Al2O3 en phase gazeuse) peut être ainsi réalisée par P2O5 ou PCl5. Dans le premier cas, on peut remplacer l’amide par ses générateurs (R—CO2Et + NH3).
Les nitriles se forment également dans la déshydratation des aldoximes par l’anhydride acétique. Mais les préparations synthétiques sont les plus intéressantes.
En série aliphatique, la réaction d’échange RBr + KCN → KBr + R—C≡N
est toujours facile ; elle n’est pas impossible à partir de C6H5Br vers 300 °C, mais réussit mieux avec le benzène sulfonate : C
53326565332656533265
HSOK + KCN → SOK + CH—C≡N.
Le benzonitrile C6H5—C≡N se forme dans l’action de l’acide cyanhydrique sur le diazoïque en présence de cyanure cuivreux : Φ—N=N—OH + HCN → H
22
O + N + Φ—CN.
On peut, en série aliphatique, passer directement de RX à R—CH2—CN. Pour cela, on condense RX avec l’ester cyanacétique en milieu alcalin :
Après hydrolyse, le nitrile-acide se décarboxyle vers 120 °C :
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