L’agriculture prend de plus en plus d’importance dans la production gouro. C’est une agriculture itinérante sur brûlis. Les rendements sur les sols forestiers sont supérieurs, et c’est d’ailleurs sur ceux-ci qu’ont pris les cultures commerciales (café, cacao). En ce qui concerne les cultures vivrières, la décision de planter telle ou telle variété dépend non seulement de ce qui a été planté la saison précédente, mais aussi de ce qui est planté dans les autres champs de la communauté. Le travail, organisé dans le cadre des rapports de parenté, peut prendre des formes collectives originales. Ainsi, le bo est une forme occasionnelle qui rassemble des équipes non régulièrement constituées. Il peut être familial, limité au guniwuo et aux alliés ou communal. Dans ce cas, ce sont les anciens et les aînés qui délèguent leurs cadets pour accomplir le travail. Mais cette mobilisation n’implique pas la réciproque. Une autre forme d’entraide est le klala. Ici, il y a réciprocité immédiate, et la mobilisation s’opère directement au niveau des jeunes, sans passer par la médiation des aînés. Les rapports entre l’homme et la terre sont assez limités. Il n’y a pas véritablement de chef de terre. Les fonctions du tréza sont strictement culturelles : il est en principe le descendant du premier installé qui a noué avec le sol un lien sacré. Evidemment, ces relations se sont bien transformées avec l’extension des cultures commerciales : la terre et le travail ont commencé à devenir objet de contrat. La propriété foncière et le salariat sous toutes ses formes détruisent l’organisation sociale traditionnelle. C’est cette même situation qui remet en cause le caractère ésotérique de certains mythes et de certains cultes. Il existe des cultes d’ancêtres ainsi que des cultes liés à des lieux qui se rapportent à une particularité du lignage. Enfin, les sociétés de masques organisent des grands cultes qui concernent l’ensemble de l’ethnie, malgré la multiplicité des variantes et des interprétations tribales (zamblé, gyé, yuné, etc.).
J. C.
C. Meillassoux, Anthropologie économique des Gouro de Côte-d’Ivoire (Mouton, 1964). / A. Deluz, Organisation sociale et tradition orale, les Guro de Côte-d’Ivoire (Mouton, 1970).
Gouthière (Pierre)
Ciseleur français (Bar-sur-Aube 1732 - Paris 1813 ou 1814).
Celui qui allait devenir le maître du bronze du xviiie s. vint achever son apprentissage à Paris chez un ciseleur doreur, François Ceriset, dont il épousa la veuve et prit la succession en même temps que la maîtrise en 1758. Il a certainement travaillé pour François Thomas Germain* et compte au nombre des créanciers de sa faillite, en 1765. La seule œuvre signée de lui est l’horloge de la Wallace Collection (Londres), exécutée en 1771 d’après un modèle du sculpteur Louis Simon Boizot (1743-1809) pour le marquis de Rochechouart. Par les documents écrits, on peut, toutefois, attribuer avec certitude à ce grand artiste nombre de bronzes, observant que tous ressortissent au style « à la grecque ». À peine est-il possible de saisir quelque souvenir de la liberté du style dit « Louis XV » dans les célèbres chenets au cerf et au sanglier du Louvre, exécutés pour Mme du Barry en 1771. Il semble que le goût du sculpteur-décorateur Gilles Paul Cauvet (1731-1788) et de l’ornemaniste et ciseleur Jean Louis Prieur (1759-1795) ait inspiré celui de Gouthière, éminemment plastique et caractérisé par un sens aigu de la forme vue en volume. Avec raison, en 1795, les experts désignés par le Directoire pour opérer les saisies chez la citoyenne du Barry retiendront pour le « Muséum » les deux « feux », jugés par eux « les plus purs et les plus délicatement exécutés que la ciselure ait encore produits ». Dès 1769, leur auteur avait travaillé pour la Couronne : c’est à lui que l’administration royale commanda les bronzes du cabinet à bijoux destiné par Louis XV à la Dauphine et projeté par l’architecte Bélanger* (dont le dessin subsiste, si le meuble a, lui, disparu).
On sait, par les Comptes, que Gouthière est l’auteur des admirables frises qui décorent les cheminées de Fontainebleau. Le maître y a développé des cours de rinceaux et d’enroulements où le scintillement des arêtes de lumière et les creux d’ombre sont si savamment ménagés qu’ils accusent, loin de le troubler, le mouvement général des masses. D’autres ouvrages authentiques du ciseleur proviennent de la célèbre collection qu’avait formée le duc d’Aumont, dispersée à sa mort et en partie rachetée par la reine : tels sont le vase en serpentine à monture de bronze aujourd’hui au Louvre, la table de porphyre aux quatre pieds amortis par un buste féminin passée à la Wallace Collection. Marie-Antoinette a souvent fait commande à Gouthière d’ouvrages précieux, témoins la monture de l’amphore d’ivoire qu’elle offrit à Catherine II et que conserve l’Ermitage de Leningrad, ou les bronzes d’après Clodion* ornant le secrétaire en armoire de Riesener* que possède la Wallace Collection. Au Louvre sont passés, venant de l’ancien musée du Garde-Meuble, deux commodes et un petit secrétaire à panse provenant des Tuileries, tous trois de Riesener et décorés des frises aux crêtes légères et brillantes qu’ordonnait Gouthière avec une souveraine habileté. Le succès avait incité le maître à tenter des spéculations immobilières : il s’y ruina. La Révolution, qui survint, n’avait pas besoin de bronzes ciselés ; l’Empire aura son praticien en Thomire*. Gouthière finira ses jours à l’hospice.
G. J.
J. Robiquet, Gouthière, sa vie, son œuvre (Laurens, 1912).
goutte
Maladie liée à un trouble du métabolisme de l’acide urique, dont le reflet biologique le plus clair est une élévation du taux de cet acide urique dans le sang fou hyperuricémie).
Déjà connue d’Hippocrate, la goutte a été décrite de façon précise en 1683 par le médecin anglais Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689), lui-même goutteux. Au milieu du xixe s., avec la découverte par sir Alfred Baring Garrod (1809-1907) de l’hyperuricémie, s’ouvre l’ère métabolique qui aboutit au xxe s. à de nouvelles perspectives de traitement.
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