1883 Le Russe K. E. Tsiolkovski émet l'idée de réaliser des vols interplanétaires en utilisant la propulsion par réaction.
1903 Le Russe K. E. Tsiolkovski publie Exploration des espaces cosmiques par des engins à réaction, ouvrage dans lequel se trouvent énoncées pour la première fois les lois du mouvement d'une fusée.
1926 Premier lancement d'une fusée à ergols liquides par l'Américain R. H. Goddard.
1957 Mise en orbite du premier satellite artificiel (Spoutnik 1, 4 octobre) par l'U.R.S.S.
1959 Premières photographies de la face arrière de la Lune, obtenues par la sonde soviétique Luna 3.
1960 Lancement, par les États-Unis, du premier satellite météorologique, Tiros 1.
1961 Premier vol spatial humain (le 12 avril) par le Soviétique I. Gagarine.
1962 Premier succès d'une mission spatiale d'exploration planétaire, le survol de Vénus par la sonde américaine Mariner 2.
1963 Premier satellite de télécommunications géostationnaire (Syncom 1, États-Unis).
1964 Premières photographies rapprochées de la Lune montrant des détails du relief inférieurs à 1 m, obtenues par la sonde américaine Ranger 7.
1965 Premier rendez-vous orbital entre deux vaisseaux spatiaux habités (Gemini 6 et 7, États-Unis).
1965 Premier survol réussi de Mars par un engin spatial, la sonde américaine Mariner 4.
1965 Première sortie dans l'espace d'un cosmonaute, le Soviétique A. Leonov.
1966 Premier atterrissage en douceur réussi d'un engin sur la Lune, la sonde soviétique Luna 9.
1968 Première mission pilotée autour de la Lune (Apollo 8, États-Unis).
1969 Les Américains N. Armstrong et E. Aldrin marchent sur la Lune.
1971 Première station orbitale (Saliout 1, U.R.S.S.).
1972 Premier satellite de télédétection des ressources terrestres (Landsat 1, États-Unis).
1973 Mise en orbite du laboratoire spatial américain Skylab.
1976 Atterrissage en douceur sur Mars de deux sondes américaines Viking qui étudient le sol de la planète et tentent d'y détecter la présence de micro-organismes.
1979 Découverte par la sonde américaine Voyager 1 de la multiplicité des anneaux de matière entourant la planète Saturne.
1979 Premier vol (réussi) de la fusée européenne Ariane 1 (24 décembre).
1981 Premier vol d'essai de la navette spatiale américaine (12-14 avril).
1981 L'U.R.S.S. réussit pour la première fois à faire détruire un satellite-cible par un satellite-chasseur.
1984 Première réparation dans l'espace d'un satellite artificiel, grâce à la navette américaine.
1985 Premier survol d'une comète (Giacobini-Zinner) par un engin spatial, la sonde américaine ICE.
1986 Survol de la planète Uranus (distante de près de 3 milliards de kilomètres) par la sonde américaine Voyager 2.
1986 Survol de la comète de Halley par cinq sondes spatiales.
1987 Mise en service du lanceur lourd soviétique Energia, capable de placer plus de 100 t de charge utile en orbite basse autour de la Terre.
1988 Les cosmonautes soviétiques V. Titov et M. Manarov portent à 366 jours le record de durée d'un vol humain dans l'espace.
1989 Survol de la planète Neptune et de son principal satellite, Triton, par la sonde américaine Voyager 2.
1990 Mise en orbite du télescope spatial Hubble.
1991 Lancement de ERS-1, premier satellite européen de télédétection, muni d'un radar à synthèse d'ouverture lui permettant d'observer la Terre de jour comme de nuit et par tous les temps.
1993 Réparation en orbite du télescope spatial Hubble.
1997 Le robot Sojourner explore la planète Mars.
2001 Premier atterrissage en douceur d'une sonde spatiale (NEAR-Shoemaker, États-Unis) sur un astéroïde (Eros) [12 février].
2001 Retombée dans l'atmosphère de la station orbitale russe Mir (23 mars).
2003 Dislocation de l'orbiteur Columbia de la navette spatiale américaine lors de sa rentrée dans l'atmosphère, à l'issue de son 28e vol, provoquant la mort des sept astronautes de l'équipage (1er février).
2003 Premier vol humain (le taïkonaute Chen Long) à bord d’un vaisseau spatial chinois (Shenzhou 5) [15 octobre].
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