Le ferment byzantin est encore particulièrement actif à Rome à la fin du xiiie s. Deux noms illustrent cette dernière grande manifestation de l’art de la mosaïque en Occident : Iacopo Torriti et Pietro Cavallini. Mais, déjà, le second se libère de l’influence grecque dans ses mosaïques de Santa Maria in Trastevere (v. 1291). Seule Venise, ensuite, demeure fidèle à un art considéré comme périmé, sans que le travail de ses mosaïstes, s’appliquant à parfaire le décor de Saint-Marc d’après des cartons de peintres plus ou moins célèbres, ait un intérêt autre que local.
Il faudra attendre la grande mutation survenue dans le goût contemporain pour que la mosaïque retrouve ses chances. Son esprit s’accorde aux effets contrastés et simplifiés que toute une part de l’art du xxe s. demande à la peinture.
M. D.
W. Läuppi, Stein an Stein (Berne, 1960 ; 2e éd., 1968 ; trad. fr. la Mosaïque et ses techniques, Dessoin et Tolra, 1970). / E. Kitzinger, G. Ch. Picard, K. Körbel et coll., « Mosaico » dans Enciclopedia universelle dell’arte, t. IX (Venise et Rome, 1963). / La Mosaïque gréco-romaine (C. N. R. S., 1965). / F. Rossi, Il Mosaico, pittura di pietra (Florence, 1968 ; trad. fr. la Mosaïque, peinture de pierre, Bibliothèque des arts, 1971).
mosan (art)
Depuis que le terme fut employé pour la première fois, à la fin du xixe s., par Charles de Linas, on s’accorde à désigner par art mosan l’ensemble des objets précieux exécutés au cours des xie et xiie s. dans la région de la Meuse moyenne et inférieure, c’est-à-dire dans un pays de vieille civilisation, devenu un carrefour d’axes de circulation d’importance majeure et un puissant foyer industriel.
Il avait notamment acquis un monopole de fait pour la production du laiton, obtenu en alliant le zinc indigène au cuivre importé du Harz allemand.
On ne s’étonnera donc pas de voir apparaître aux origines du grand art mosan un monument de laiton universellement connu et admiré, les fonts baptismaux de Saint-Barthélemy de Liège. L’œuvre, communément datée de 1107-08, n’étonne pas seulement par la perfection du métier, elle pose à l’historien de l’art un difficile problème à cause de la connaissance intime de l’art antique dont elle témoigne. Son auteur savait organiser des groupes humains et les distribuer librement sur un fond nu. Un tel « miracle » stylistique ne fut sans doute possible que grâce au développement intellectuel assuré dans la région par les écoles liégeoises, tant celle de la cathédrale que celles, nombreuses, des abbatiales et des collégiales du diocèse.
Une invention technique dans le domaine de l’orfèvrerie communiqua à l’art un nouveau départ. Elle consista dans la substitution aux émaux cloisonnés, obtenus en soudant de minces cloisons sur une plaque généralement en or, des émaux champlevés, ou en taille d’épargne, désormais exécutés en cuivre. Les chefs-d’œuvre de cet art les plus anciennement conservés dans la vallée de la Meuse proviennent de l’abbaye de Stavelot. Il s’agit du chef reliquaire du pape saint Alexandre (v. 1145) et d’un autel portatif décoré de scènes de l’Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, rapprochées dans une intention symbolique caractéristique de l’iconographie de la région. Ces deux objets sont actuellement conservés aux musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire de Bruxelles. On sait que l’abbé Suger n’hésita pas à faire appel à des orfèvres « lotharingiens » pour exécuter quelques-unes des œuvres d’art les plus célèbres de l’abbaye de Saint-Denis, et notamment une grande croix qui fut solennellement consacrée le jour de Pâques de 1147. Celle-ci a disparu, mais on peut en avoir une certaine idée à travers un pied de croix mosan provenant de l’abbaye de Saint-Bertin et conservé au musée de Saint-Omer.
L’art mosan est surtout connu par de grandes châsses ornées de figures en argent ou en cuivre repoussé et doré, d’émaux champlevés, de pierreries, de gravures et d’estampages. Les unes furent exécutées sur place pour la clientèle locale, comme celle de saint Hadelin dans l’église Saint-Mar-de Visé et celle de Saint-Servais de Maastricht. D’autres, à Cologne, résultent de la collaboration de maîtres mosans et d’artistes locaux.
Les documents d’archives ont livré quelques noms de fondeurs et d’orfèvres illustres. Renier de Huy serait l’auteur des fonts baptismaux de Saint-Barthélemy de Liège. Godefroid de Huy dominait naguère la période suivante, mais on a maintenant tendance à lui contester la réalisation des œuvres qui lui furent attribuées. Nicolas de Verdun, le plus grand de tous, n’est déjà plus tout à fait mosan, même s’il emprunte à la tradition locale des procédés de composition et certaines techniques : il appartient à l’art européen de 1200. Après avoir contribué plus que tout autre à la renaissance de l’esprit antiquisant avec l’ambon de Klosterneuburg en Autriche (1181) et la très célèbre châsse des Rois Mages de Cologne, ce génie se rapproche du style gothique, à la fin de sa carrière, pour la réalisation de la châsse de Notre-Dame de Tournai (1205).
L’émail champlevé relève d’une certaine manière de l’histoire de la peinture et, de fait, dans le pays mosan, son étude est inséparable de celle de l’enluminure. De même un autre art précieux, celui de l’ivoire, joua un rôle important à la naissance de la plastique mosane des métaux. Seule l’architecture poursuivit une évolution autonome et d’ailleurs moins originale, par suite de la très grande parenté qui existe entre les édifices religieux du pays mosan et ceux de Rhénanie. La collégiale de Nivelles peut être désignée comme la meilleure expression de l’architecture romane dans la région.
M. D.
➙ Belgique [art].
S. Collon-Gevaert, J. Lejeune et J. Stiennon, Art mosan aux xie et xiie siècles (L’Arcade, Bruxelles, 1962). CATALOGUES D’EXPOSITION. Trésors de la vallée de la Meuse, art mosan et arts anciens du pays de Liège (les Presses artistiques, 1952). / Rhin-Meuse, art et civilisation, 800-1400 (Cologne-Bruxelles, 1972).
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