Aliment essentiel des reines, la gelée royale se produit couramment par greffage de jeunes larves, âgées de moins de 36 heures, dans des cupules de cire ou de matière plastique. On peut en placer jusqu’à 90 dans une ruche préalablement rendue orpheline, et les Abeilles construisent sur ces cupules des cellules royales qui sont récoltées après 48 heures. La larve enlevée, on récupère de 150 à 250 milligrammes de gelée royale par cupule. La gelée royale a de nombreux emplois en diététique.
La cire
C’est grâce à sa production que les Abeilles peuvent construire leurs rayons. Ceux-ci ont la forme d’hexagones parfaits juxtaposés. La cire est produite par des ouvrières âgées de douze à dix-huit jours, grâce à des glandes cirières situées sur chacun des quatre derniers segments abdominaux. La cire se présente alors sous la forme de minces lamelles dont il faut environ 1 250 000 pour faire un kilogramme de cire. L’apiculture moderne ne produit que peu de cire, et la France est tributaire, pour assurer ses besoins, de pays tels que Madagascar et le Maroc, par exemple.
La propolis
C’est une sorte de résine récoltée par les Abeilles sur les bourgeons des arbres. Elle leur sert à établir derrière l’entrée de la ruche une barrière contre les indésirables. Les Abeilles l’utilisent aussi pour coller entre elles toutes les parties mobiles de la ruche. Elle a des propriétés thérapeutiques et antibiotiques.
A. C.
➙ Abeille.
A. Perret-Maisonneuve, l’Apiculture intensive et l’élevage des reines (P. U. F., 1946). / E. Libis, l’Apiculture pour tous (Flammarion, 1971).
aplanissement
Régularisation du relief.
Les systèmes morphogénétiques modifient à tout moment le relief du sol : usant les saillies, évacuant les débris qui en résultent pour les accumuler dans les régions déprimées et dans les cuvettes lacustres et marines, ils tendent à régulariser la surface terrestre. Si aucun facteur ne vient en contrarier le déroulement, cette évolution conduit à un aplanissement du relief.
Pendant longtemps, on a attribué les aplanissements à l’abrasion marine, jugée seule capable de parvenir à développer des plates-formes régulières par l’action des vagues. Mais, peu à peu, s’est imposée l’idée d’une planation subaérienne pour laquelle plusieurs processus ont été proposés.
La pénéplanation
Due à W. M. Davis, la théorie de la pénéplanation repose sur le concept d’érosion « normale ». Elle correspond donc à un mode d’évolution propre aux régions tempérées humides. Sous un tel climat, les versants, caractérisés par un manteau d’altération et une couverture végétale continus, tendent à prendre un profil convexo-concave. Lorsque les rivières ont atteint approximativement leur profil d’équilibre, le creusement est très ralenti ; les versants, continuant à perdre constamment de la matière et se trouvant liés à un niveau de base pratiquement fixe, réduisent leur pente d’ensemble en même temps qu’ils reculent. En outre, leur profil se modifie : la concavité tend à se développer aux dépens de la convexité sommitale. Lorsque deux versants de vallées voisines se recoupent, les interfluves perdent rapidement de leur hauteur : toute la topographie s’aplatit progressivement et évolue vers une surface limite qui s’appuie sur les profils d’équilibre des cours d’eau. Cette surface, légèrement ondulée et inclinée vers le niveau de base, est une pénéplaine. Des reliefs résiduels aux formes molles peuvent subsister au-dessus du moutonnement des interfluves surbaissés : ce sont les monadnocks.
La pédiplanation
Défendu par L. C. King, le principe de la pédiplanation repose sur l’observation des régions tropicales à longue saison sèche. Sous ce climat, les versants mal protégés par une végétation clairsemée reculent en conservant la même pente. À leur pied, les eaux, dont la compétence est insuffisante à évacuer les débris les plus grossiers fournis par la corniche, ne parviennent pas à se concentrer et s’étalent en nappes qui modèlent des pédiments, sortes de glacis rocheux à pente concave très douce s’abaissant insensiblement vers de larges gouttières à peine dessinées. Ainsi se développent d’immenses plaines dominées par des reliefs résiduels abrupts, les inselbergs. Ce sont des pédiplaines qui naissent donc d’un seul coup par recul des versants.
Les autres formes d’aplanissement
L’abrasion marine résulte du travail de sapement des vagues rongeant le pied d’une falaise, qui s’éboule de temps en temps. Son recul fait place à une plate-forme rocheuse, que le va-et-vient des vagues, armées de galets provenant des éboulis de la falaise, ne cesse de perfectionner. Pour qu’un tel processus puisse niveler un continent entier, il faudrait supposer un affaissement très lent des terres ou une lente montée du niveau marin, de manière que l’abrasion progresse vers l’intérieur du continent. En fait, il semble que l’abrasion marine n’ait jamais façonné que des aplanissements localisés, et que, lors des transgressions, elle n’ait fait que perfectionner des surfaces préalablement aplanies.
On a décrit en climat périglaciaire des formes d’équiplanation, ou altiplanation. La gélifraction arrachant des débris et la gélifluxion les entraînant, les versants tendent à s’adoucir et finissent par prendre un profil rectiligne ou légèrement concave, passant dans le fond des vallées à des ennoyages de débris géliflués. Leur pente, variable suivant la granulométrie des débris, est toujours faible. Il en résulte un paysage doucement ondulé qui évoque une pénéplaine. Mais un tel processus ne semble avoir pu se réaliser que localement, à la faveur de conditions lithologiques favorables (Champagne).
Au total, les aplanissements étendus sont l’œuvre des eaux continentales : celles-ci agissent par planation latérale sous les climats à aridité saisonnière, tandis que sous climat tempéré humide c’est par la dégradation des pentes en fonction de rivières au profil équilibré que les interfluves s’abaissent progressivement.
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