• Le block caving (éboulement en masse) a des analogies avec une chambre-magasin, mais personne ne travaille dans la chambre, dont le minerai tombe et s’éboule à mesure qu’on le soutire dans la galerie de base. Cet éboulement est généralement aidé par de longs coups de mine en éventail ou par des charges massives d’explosif à partir de cheminées situées en dehors du bloc en exploitation. Pour éviter l’interruption du soutirage par de gros blocs coincés dans les goulottes, on a creusé à quelques mètres au-dessus de la galerie de base et un peu latéralement une galerie parallèle, au pied de laquelle débouchent les courtes cheminées de soutirage creusées dans un stot de minerai ; l’orifice de ces cheminées est couvert d’une grille constituée de rails scellés à l’espacement convenable. Les blocs trop gros arrêtés sur les grilles sont cassés à la masse ou à l’explosif. Le soutirage d’une goulotte est arrêté lorsque apparaissent des blocs stériles, qui sont le signe que tout le minerai a été soutiré et qu’on arrive aux éboulis des épontes.
• Il existe de multiples variantes de méthodes d’exploitation, notamment pour les couches minces de charbon en forte pente : tailles à front rectiligne, oblique sur la pente, avec descenseur ralentissant la glissade du charbon abattu, remblayées ou foudroyées ; tailles sans personnel, avec abattage par rabot-bélier ou par sciage grâce à des dents fixées à une chaîne sans fin faisant le tour du bloc ; abattage par longs trous de mine parallèles au front et de la longueur de celui-ci ; éboulement par coups de mine du charbon découpé en blocs par deux réseaux de galeries obliques sur la pente, le charbon éboulé glissant le long d’une de ces galeries ; etc.
Corps ou mélange de corps capable de réagir chimiquement en dégageant rapidement un grand volume de gaz à haute température.
Propriétés générales
Trois éléments fondamentaux caractérisent un explosif : la rapidité de l’explosion, le volume de gaz produits et la chaleur dégagée par l’explosion.
• La rapidité de l’explosion peut, pour un même explosif, éprouver de très grandes variations ; 1 kg d’explosif, comprimé à sa densité maximale et amorcé en son centre, détone entièrement en moins de 10 μs, tandis que, si l’on fait déflagrer le même corps sous une densité modérée, l’explosion, mille fois moins rapide, dure entre 5 et 25 ms.
• Le volume de gaz produits peut aller, selon le corps considéré, de 20 à 1 200 litres (mesuré à 0 °C et 760 mm de mercure) par kilogramme d’explosif.
• La chaleur dégagée par l’explosion et dont la valeur détermine la température à laquelle sont portés les produits de l’explosion peut atteindre, et même dépasser pour les explosifs renfermant de l’aluminium, 2 000 kcal/kg ; aussi certaines températures d’explosion sont-elles supérieures à 4 000 °C. En fait, le volume des gaz et la chaleur d’explosion, donc, corrélativement, la température d’explosion, peuvent, pour un explosif donné, varier un peu en fonction des modalités de son explosion (détonation ou déflagration, confinement fort ou faible) ; les variations excèdent rarement 10 p. 100.
D’autres propriétés, dont certaines ont une grande importance en vue des emplois pratiques, sont les sensibilités au choc, au frottement, à l’amorce et à la chaleur ; cette dernière est ordinairement déterminée en chauffant, à raison de 5 °C par minute, une petite masse (0,5 à 0,2 g) de matière et en notant la température à laquelle elle explose, et que l’on appelle son point de déflagration.
L’effet utile que peut produire dans les travaux de mine un explosif qui détone, que l’on appelle habituellement mais improprement sa puissance, est déterminé par l’épreuve au bloc de plomb, comparativement à l’acide picrique pris comme étalon, auquel on affecte la valeur 100.
Enfin, pour certains explosifs, comme ceux qui sont à base de nitroglycérine ou de nitrocellulose, on doit se préoccuper de leur stabilité chimique.
Classification des substances explosives
Du point de vue de leur emploi
Elles peuvent être divisées en deux classes : les explosifs déflagrants et les explosifs détonants. Si l’on demande à une substance explosive d’avoir un effet progressif, on la fait déflagrer ; en particulier, les explosifs déflagrants employés dans les armes à feu sont appelés poudres propulsives ou simplement poudres. Si l’on demande à la substance explosive d’effectuer un travail de rupture ou d’abattage de roche, on la fait détoner : c’est un explosif détonant, souvent appelé simplement explosif. Le mot explosif a donc un sens général, où il est synonyme de « substance explosive », et s’applique aussi bien aux poudres qu’aux explosifs détonants ; il a aussi un sens restreint, où il désigne plus particulièrement les explosifs détonants. La distinction entre poudre et explosif détonant est d’ordre pratique ; en effet, pour presque toutes les substances explosives, on sait provoquer à volonté soit la détonation, soit la déflagration, bien que, pour chaque substance, un de ces deux modes d’explosion soit plus facile à obtenir que l’autre. Les températures des gaz de l’explosion sont dans les deux cas du même ordre, mais les pressions produites diffèrent énormément ; dans une arme, la pression engendrée par une poudre dépasse rarement 4 kilobars, tandis qu’un explosif qui détone peut produire une pression de 25 à 250 kilobars ; la vitesse à laquelle cette pression est appliquée varie aussi considérablement.
C’est aussi d’un point de vue pratique que l’on divise les explosifs détonants en explosifs primaires et en explosifs secondaires. Les explosifs primaires sont ceux dont l’explosion, amorcée par le contact d’une flamme ou d’un corps incandescent, prend de façon pratiquement immédiate le régime détonant. Les explosifs secondaires sont ceux que l’action d’une flamme fait déflagrer, tout au moins quand ils sont à l’air libre. On provoque leur détonation en les soumettant à l’action de l’onde de choc engendrée par un explosif primaire ; à cet effet, on se sert des artifices appelés amorces détonantes ou détonateurs, et l’explosif primaire logé dans ces artifices prend le nom d’explosif d’amorçage.
Importante du point de vue pratique, la distinction entre explosifs primaires et explosifs secondaires n’a pas de fondement théorique solide, car il est possible, quoique ce soit peu commode, de produire la détonation d’un explosif secondaire sans recourir à un explosif primaire.
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