Si l’on considère l’abondance des œuvres qui portent la marque de son influence, tel le sépulcre de Solesmes, il paraît certain que Colombe eut de nombreux disciples. Deux échappent à l’anonymat : Jean de Chartres, sculpteur attitré de la maison de Bourbon, et le neveu du maître, Guillaume Regnault († 1532), auquel on attribue la célèbre Vierge d’Olivet (Louvre). Ce dernier avait repris en 1514 la direction de l’atelier de Tours, et, par lui, le « style Colombe » se retrouve, nuancé d’italianisme, jusqu’au cœur du règne de François Ier et à l’aube de la seconde Renaissance (tombeau de Louis de Poncher et de sa femme Roberte Legendre, 1523, Louvre ; à partir de 1521, figures priantes et transis du tombeau de Louis XII à Saint-Denis, 1516-1531).
J. R. G.
P. Pradel, Michel Colombe, le dernier imagier gothique (Plon, 1953).
Colombie
En esp. Colombia, État de l’Amérique du Sud.
Introduction
Le territoire, deux fois plus vaste que la France, se divise en un certain nombre de régions fort différentes tant par leur milieu naturel que par les modalités de leur mise en valeur. En fait, c’est essentiellement le relief, très compartimenté, qui découpe ainsi le territoire colombien : les plaines ouvertes sur la mer des Caraïbes et celles qui longent l’océan Pacifique s’opposent aux montagnes de l’édifice andin et aux grandes plaines orientales, qui font partie soit du nord de l’Amazonie, soit du sud des llanos de l’Orénoque. Ces différences de relief, notamment par l’altitude, contribuent en outre à modifier le climat de la Colombie, qui, dans ses traits généraux, appartient au type subéquatorial.
Cette nature diversifiée sert de cadre à un peuplement complexe, qui résulte d’un métissage entre les Indiens autochtones et les colons espagnols. Comme dans tous les pays d’Amérique latine tropicale, la croissance démographique ne fait que s’accélérer depuis vingt ans et affecte aussi bien les zones de peuplement ancien, dans la partie andine aux fortes densités, que les plaines, souvent beaucoup plus vides, de la région des Caraïbes.
Les grands ensembles géographiques
Les Andes
Groupant un peu plus des trois quarts de la population totale, les Andes constituent le cœur du pays. Elles forment ici un ensemble montagneux de structure plus complexe que dans les autres pays andins. Elles se divisent en trois zones de cordillères, formées de crêtes plus ou moins continues ou de hauts plateaux, séparées par des zones d’affaissement tectonique transformées en vallées ou même en plaines intérieures. D’est en ouest, on rencontre d’abord la Cordillère de Mérida, qui se prolonge en territoire vénézuélien et à laquelle succède la grande vallée du Magdalena, qui la sépare de la Cordillère centrale. Entre cette dernière et la Cordillère occidentale s’étire la vaste vallée du Cauca. En raison des profondes entailles de ces grandes vallées dans la montagne, les Andes colombiennes sont beaucoup plus aérées que les Andes centrales du Pérou ou de la Bolivie et présentent au long de leurs versants l’étagement de tous les climats caractéristiques de la zone andine tropicale : climats chauds et humides des basses pentes ; climats tempérés des moyens versants ; climats froids des hautes crêtes. Cet étagement permet une certaine diversité dans la mise en valeur et un éventail de productions agricoles plus large que dans d’autres pays andins.
La Cordillère occidentale est, dans son ensemble, relativement peu élevée : ses altitudes moyennes varient autour de 2 000 à 3 000 m. Seule son extrémité sud s’orne de quelques volcans couronnés de neige, qui dépassent 4 000 m. La vallée du Cauca, qui s’insère dans cette Cordillère, est mise en valeur de façon intensive : les parties élevées sont consacrées à l’élevage et aux cultures céréalières, tandis que le fond de la vallée — qui abrite des densités humaines beaucoup plus fortes, notamment autour de Cali, où la plaine du Cauca s’élargit — est le domaine de la culture de la canne à sucre (on compte près de 30 sucreries), du riz, de la banane et du cacao. Avec près de 700 000 habitants, Cali* constitue le centre de cet ensemble régional. La partie supérieure de la vallée du Cauca bénéficie d’un service officiel : la Corporación del Valle del Cauca, créée en 1954 pour promouvoir le développement planifié de la région.
Beaucoup plus massive, la Cordillère centrale offre un paysage de hautes crêtes dont l’altitude s’abaisse rarement au-dessous de 3 000 à 3 500 m et qui rendent son franchissement particulièrement difficile. Au nord, elle forme une zone plus large, où les crêtes font place au vaste plateau d’Antioquia, qui est la région la plus riche de cette Cordillère. Sur le plateau comme sur les versants les moins élevés, la culture du café représente la principale activité économique. Elle se pratique dans de moyennes et petites exploitations qui résultent du morcellement de grands domaines en petites unités de production, confiées à des métayers, ou de la formation d’une couche de petits propriétaires ruraux indépendants, enrichis grâce à la qualité du café. L’élevage constitue la deuxième activité importante de la région. Il bénéficie de riches pâturages et, dans les zones les plus basses de la vallée, prend la forme d’un véritable élevage d’embouche, engraissant les bêtes nées sur des versants moins favorisés de la Cordillère. La plus grande ville se trouve sur le plateau d’Antioquia ; c’est Medellín*, grande métropole régionale.
La Cordillère orientale, très longue, est formée d’une succession de crêtes, de hauts plateaux et de hauts bassins, dont certains ont été les foyers d’une civilisation indienne particulièrement florissante avant la pénétration espagnole : la civilisation chibcha. La Cordillère orientale constitue le principal noyau économique de la Colombie. C’est d’abord une zone de production agricole diversifiée. En effet, on y pratique, dans les bassins les moins élevés, la culture du café, de la canne à sucre et des fruits, tandis que les bassins dont l’altitude, trop élevée, ne permet pas les cultures tropicales abritent blé, orge et pommes de terre ; c’est également une région où l’élevage donne de bons rendements. Centre régional de la Cordillère orientale, Bogotá* est en outre la capitale nationale, ce qui explique l’importance de sa population (2 500 000 hab.) au regard de celle des autres grandes villes colombiennes.
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