Le moût est clarifié par un épulpage dans un tamis centrifuge ou vibrant, suivi d’une centrifugation ou d’une défécation. Si le moût est destiné à la concentration, il est soumis à l’action des enzymes pectolytiques, qui vont scinder les molécules de pectine, puis à un collage à la gélatine. Le jus limpide peut être conservé, en vue de sa commercialisation ou de sa transformation en cidre, par une pasteurisation et un stockage soit au froid, soit en cuves stériles sous gaz inerte (azote), ou envoyé vers l’atelier de concentration.
Pour obtenir le cidre, le moût ou le jus est mis en fermentation plus ou moins complète par les levures. Le cidre est la boisson provenant exclusivement de la fermentation du jus de pommes fraîches ou d’un mélange de pommes et de poires fraîches, extrait avec ou sans addition d’eau potable. La dénomination cidre pur jus est réservée au cidre obtenu sans addition d’eau. La dénomination cidre doux est réservée au cidre contenant au maximum 3° d’alcool acquis et au moins 5° d’alcool total. Dans le cidre sec, tout le sucre est transformé en alcool ; le cidre pétillant contient une certaine quantité de gaz carbonique (inférieure à 4 g/l) qui lui permet d’être commercialisé en bouteille normale. Le cidre mousseux, livré en bouteille champenoise, a une teneur en gaz carbonique supérieure à 5 g/l. Dans plusieurs pays, il est fabriqué également des cidres à haut degré alcoolique, obtenus par une fermentation du moût de pomme enrichi en sucre ou en concentré de jus de pomme, parfois même additionné d’une certaine quantité d’alcool.
Le cidre, à faible teneur en alcool et à pH relativement élevé, est une boisson sensible à de nombreuses altérations : la piqûre acétique, due à des germes aérobies ; la piqûre lactique, dans laquelle les Bactéries lactiques attaquent les sucres ou les acides organiques ; le « framboise », caractérisé par une forte teneur en éthanal et en acétoïne et par l’apparition d’un trouble laiteux ; la production d’acroléine, altération grave dans les cidres destinés à la distillation (eaux-de-vie piquantes). Il est donc nécessaire de le pasteuriser, le plus souvent en bouteille, avant de le commercialiser.
La cidrerie élabore d’autres produits que le cidre, tels que le jus de pomme, les boissons à base de jus de pomme, les concentrés de jus de pomme, les arômes de pomme, les eaux-de-vie de cidre, dont le calvados, le vinaigre de cidre, les compotes et les marmelades, etc.
P. B.
ciel
Apparence de voûte située au-dessus de la Terre et sur laquelle se projettent les différents astres constituant l’Univers : Soleil, Lune, planètes, comètes, météorites et toutes les catégories d’étoiles, visibles par les moyens de l’optique ou de la radioastronomie, ainsi que les nébulosités, qui peuvent être ou non résolubles en étoiles ; il s’agit, dans le permier cas, de galaxies, analogues à notre Galaxie ; dans le second cas, de véritables nébulosités appartenant à notre Galaxie, qui sont illuminées de façon variable par des étoiles voisines.
Introduction
Du fait de la présence de l’atmosphère terrestre, qui absorbe et réémet de façon diffuse les radiations de courte longueur d’onde émises par le Soleil, notamment les radiations bleues, la voûte céleste paraît bleue pendant le jour, et le Soleil, jaune. En réalité, la couleur de la voûte céleste est uniformément noire, et le Soleil est bleu-vert. On s’en aperçoit au cours de vols stratosphériques et même au cours d’ascensions en très haute montagne. D’ailleurs, en cas d’absorptions atmosphériques anormalement fortes (brouillard), le Soleil ne paraît plus jaune, mais rouge.
Les Anciens crurent longtemps à la matérialité de la voûte céleste, à laquelle les astres étaient supposés accrochés. Ils furent ainsi conduits à faire intervenir plusieurs sphères transparentes concentriques tournant avec des vitesses différentes ; les étoiles étaient fixées sur la dernière de ces sphères (huitième ciel ou firmament), et les planètes, sur des sphères intermédiaires dites « sphères de cristal ». L’ensemble de ces conceptions était purement anthropocentrique. Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) reprit les idées émises dans l’Antiquité par Aristarque de Samos (310-230), idées qui n’avaient eu aucun succès et qui étaient tombées dans l’oubli, et exposa le système planétaire actuellement admis, dont le Soleil est le centre, la Terre n’étant elle-même qu’une des planètes. L’invention par Galileo Galilei dit Galilée (1564-1642) de la lunette astronomique devait permettre de préciser toutes ces données. C’est un simple effet de perspective qui fait paraître tous les astres sur une « voûte céleste », sur laquelle les étoiles ont été groupées en constellations.
Description du ciel
Ciel étoile boréal
Les trois principaux repères à utiliser sont la Grande Ourse, la Voie lactée et le groupe d’Orion.
La Grande Ourse. Les sept étoiles principales de cette constellation forment une figure appelée souvent le Chariot. Ses sept étoiles sont toutes de magnitude 2, à l’exception de δ, qui n’est que de magnitude 3. Les étoiles δ, ε, ζ, η constituent la queue de la Grande Ourse. L’étoile ζ est en fait une étoile double. Les étoiles α et β en sont les « gardes ». La distance angulaire αβ vaut environ 5°. La longueur totale αη du Chariot couvre 25°.
La Petite Ourse. Cette constellation est assez semblable à celle de la Grande Ourse, mais elle est disposée en sens contraire, et ses étoiles sont de magnitude sensiblement plus faible. Sa principale étoile est la Polaire, ainsi appelée parce qu’elle se trouve, à notre époque et pour plusieurs siècles encore, très voisine du Pôle (58′ environ actuellement). De magnitude 2,1, elle occupe la queue de la constellation. On la trouve en prolongeant la ligne des gardes de la Grande Ourse de α vers β d’environ 5 fois cette distance.
Arcturus. En prolongeant la queue de la Grande Ourse d’une longueur un peu supérieure à celle de cette constellation (soit 31°), on trouve Arcturus, de magnitude 0,2, dans la constellation du Bouvier, dont le passage supérieur à 00.00 h au méridien de Greenwich a lieu vers le 26 avril. Pour les latitudes de France, Arcturus est près de son coucher au mois d’août vers 22.00 h.
La Vierge. C’est une constellation située 30° plus bas sur l’horizon qu’Arcturus, qu’elle précède d’environ 45 minutes. Son étoile la plus brillante est l’Epi, de magnitude 1,2.
Antarès. Cette étoile, de magnitude 1,2, située dans la constellation du Scorpion, est à peu près à la même distance du Pôle que l’Epi. Elle est en retard d’environ 2 heures sur Arcturus.
La Couronne. Cette constellation, qui, en réalité, représente plutôt une demi-couronne, est située entre le cercle horaire d’Arcturus et celui d’Antarès, à peu près à la même distance du Pôle qu’Arcturus. Son étoile la plus brillante est la Perle, de magnitude 2,3.
Régulus. Cette étoile, de magnitude 1,3, est située dans la constellation du Lion. Elle précède d’environ 1 heure la ligne des gardes de la Grande Ourse, tout en étant située à peu près à la même distance du Pôle qu’Arcturus.
La Voie lactée. Cette constellation, qui se présente sous la forme d’une large traînée blanchâtre, est très visible dans les soirées sans Lune.
Véga. Cette étoile, de magnitude 0,1, située dans la constellation de la Lyre, se trouve, pour les latitudes du sud de la France, dans le voisinage du zénith au début des soirées du mois d’août, c’est-à-dire à une époque où le maximum d’amateurs sont portés à regarder le ciel étoilé.
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