Elle émet alors un tube germinatif (promycélium) où le noyau diploïde subit la méiose ; des cloisons transversales délimitent une file de quatre cellules uninucléées, haploïdes, fonctionnant comme une phragmobaside : chaque segment produit sur un court stérigmate une basidiospore typique ; éjectée brutalement, celle-ci peut rencontrer une feuille d’Épine-Vinette, sur laquelle s’amorce un nouveau cycle.
Le cycle réduit des Urédinales microcycliques offre de multiples combinaisons ; chez Puccinia malvacearum, parasite commun des Mauves et des Roses trémières, il est réduit à l’extrême : aussitôt après la dicaryotisation, le mycélium produit des télies et des téliospores, sans stades intermédiaires à écies ou à urédies.
Parmi les genres les plus représentatifs d’Urédinales, on peut citer les Puccinia, avec plusieurs milliers d’espèces hétéroïques ou autoïques, macro- ou microcycliques, dont certaines provoquent chez les céréales des affections souvent graves : rouille de l’Orge, rouille couronnée de l’Avoine, rouille noire du Blé, etc. Uromyces dactylis parasite les Graminacées fourragères.
Les écies (rœstelia) des Gymnosporangium, dont les télies se forment sur les Genévriers, produisent la « rouille grillagée » des Pomacées ; celles des Melampsora sont parasite de Conifères, qui réagissent par des malformations ou des « balais de sorcières ».
J. N.
➙ Céréales.
urinaires (voies)
Ensemble des canaux qui concourent à l’excrétion de l’urine depuis sa sortie des reins jusqu’à l’extérieur.
Ces voies excrétrices extrarénales sont représentées par les uretères, la vessie et l’urètre, que nous étudierons ici. Elles constituent avec les reins* l’appareil urinaire.
Anatomie
Uretères
Il y a normalement un uretère pour chaque rein. L’uretère fait suite au bassinet et descend jusqu’à la vessie en arrière du péritoine. Il présente quatre portions : lombaire, iliaque, pelvienne, intra-murale (dans l’épaisseur du « mur » de la vessie).
Les rapports les plus importants au point de vue chirurgical sont ceux de l’uretère pelvien. En effet, celui-ci, devenu transversal profond, est croisé en avant par les artères ombilicale, puis génitales, traverse chez la femme la base du ligament large, longe la paroi latérale du col utérin, puis croise le vagin pour s’engager sur un très court segment entre vagin et vessie avant de pénétrer dans le muscle vésical. L’uretère terminal traverse enfin obliquement la paroi vésicale et, après un trajet sous-muqueux de 1,5 cm, s’ouvre au méat urétéral.
Vessie
C’est un muscle creux formant réservoir et assurant la miction. Elle est située derrière le pubis et la paroi abdominale antérieure : chez l’homme, elle repose sur la prostate, séparée du rectum en arrière par le cul-de-sac péritonéal de Douglas ; chez la femme, elle repose sur la face antérieure du vagin et répond en arrière à l’utérus, dont la sépare un cul-de-sac péritonéal.
Elle est sous-péritonéale, située dans une loge limitée latéralement par les lames (tissu conjonctif celluleux) sacro-recto-génito-pubiennes, dans lesquelles sont noyés les vaisseaux du pédicule génito-vésical.
Elle comprend une portion fixe, le trigone, où s’ouvrent ses trois orifices : urètre (col vésical) en avant, uretères (méats urétéraux) de chaque côté et une portion mobile, la calotte, qui s’adapte au volume du contenu vésical.
La paroi de la vessie est formée de deux tuniques lâchement unies : la muqueuse et la musculeuse, ou détrusor.
Deux sphincters lui sont annexés : le sphincter lisse (autour du col vésical) et le sphincter strié (autour de l’urètre prostatique et membraneux chez l’homme).
L’innervation de la vessie mérite d’être schématisée ici en raison de la fréquence de ses altérations pathologiques, congénitales ou traumatiques (vessie neurologique). Elle est assurée par des centres cérébraux, médullaires (centre vésico-spinal de Budge au niveau de la troisième vertèbre sacrée) et vésicaux (dans la paroi vésicale elle-même), qui se contrôlent les uns les autres : la disparition anatomique ou fonctionnelle de l’un d’eux libère le centre sous-jacent, qui prend, dans la mesure de ses possibilités, un certain fonctionnement de la vessie à sa charge. Les centres sont réunis par des voies de conduction sympathiques ou parasympathiques de la sensibilité et de la motricité. Ces voies passent dans (ou en émanent) deux amas nerveux situés dans le bassin : les ganglions hypogastriques. Seul le sphincter strié est innervé par un nerf cérébro-spinal, le nerf honteux interne.
Urètre
Chez l’homme, il s’étend du col vésical à l’extrémité de la verge. Il traverse d’abord la prostate (urètre prostatique), puis l’aponévrose périnéale moyenne (urètre membraneux entouré du sphincter strié) ; il est ensuite entouré dans son segment périnéal et dans son segment pénien par la gaine des corps érectiles (urètre antérieur ou spongieux).
Chez la femme, l’urètre, long de 3 à 4 cm, va du col vésical au vestibule vulvaire. Il est en rapport direct avec la paroi antérieure du vagin. Le sphincter strié est seulement représenté par quelques fibres non systématisées, dans la portion juxta-cervicale de l’urètre.
Notions physiologiques
L’urètre mis à part, la voie d’excrétion de l’urine n’est pas un simple canal laissant passer l’urine. L’uretère assure sa progression grâce à des contractions péristaltiques.
La vessie assure son stockage entre les mictions et son évacuation lors de la miction. Le besoin d’uriner se fait sentir au-delà de 300 ml environ (capacité vésicale physiologique). La contraction du détrusor et le relâchement synergique (simultané) des sphincters permettent la miction ; le sphincter strié est soumis à la volonté ; le reflux vésico-urétéral (retour de l’urine de la vessie vers l’uretère) est empêché par la longueur du trajet intramural (dans l’épaisseur du muscle vésical).
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