De 1927 à sa mort, l’art technique prend le pas, chez lui, sur l’art pur. Entre 1931 et 1933, émule d’Icare, de Léonard de Vinci, d’Otto Lilienthal, de K. E. Tsiolkovski, Tatline crée une machine volante, le Letatline (haplologie du verbe russe letat, voler, et de Tatline) : c’était une sorte de bicyclette volante actionnée par les bras et les jambes, le corps étant en position horizontale. Pas plus que le Monument à la Troisième Internationale, le Letatline ne pourra être réalisé, et, après 1932, le triomphe du « réalisme soviétique » mettra un terme à toutes ces recherches.
J.-Cl. M et V. M.
Tatline (Petrograd, 1915). / N. N. Pounine, Tatline. Contre le cubisme (Petrograd, 1920). / T. Andersen, Moderne Russisk Kunst, 1910-1930 (Copenhague, 1967). / Vladimir Tatlin, catalogue de l’exposition au Moderna Museet (Stockholm, 1968).
Tatum (Art)
Pianiste de jazz américain (Toledo 1910 - Los Angeles 1956).
Sa vie
Les débuts d’Arthur (dit Art) Tatum se situent dans sa ville natale, où, après avoir étudié le violon, il joue du piano pour une station de radio locale. En 1932, la chanteuse Adélaide Hall le choisit comme accompagnateur et l’emmène à New York, où, dès 1933, il est convié à une séance d’enregistrement, en soliste, pour la firme Brunswick. À propos du Tiger Rag, qu’il réalisa le 21 mars de cette année, le violoniste (et pianiste) Stéphane Grappelli raconte : « J’écoutais des disques diffusés en plein air au Touquet-Plage au début des années 30 avec le chef d’orchestre Grégor. J’ai cru entendre deux pianistes jouer Tiger Rag. Je me suis précipité dans la cabine pour connaître les noms des exécutants. Le préposé, regardant l’étiquette, m’affirme : ils sont deux, Art et Tintin. À Paris je dus me rendre à l’évidence : un seul homme avait enregistré ce Tiger Rag. » À partir de 1935, Tatum se produit surtout dans des boîtes de nuit, entouré par de petits groupes. Il est la vedette du Three Deuces à Chicago de 1935 à 1937, puis s’installe sur la côte ouest et joue en 1938 en Grande-Bretagne. De retour à New York, il joue régulièrement à l’Onyx Club, participe à des séances d’enregistrement avec le chanteur Joe Turner, le clarinettiste Edmund Hall, le saxophoniste Coleman Hawkins et est tout spécialement remarqué au cours du concert donné le 19 janvier au Metropolitan Opera House en compagnie de Louis Armstrong, de Roy Eldridge, de Barney Bigard, de Jack Teagarden, de Coleman Hawkins, d’Oscar Pettiford et de Big Sid Catlett, musiciens déjà célèbres, parmi lesquels il est plus impressionnant que jamais. À la fin de 1943, il forme un trio, avec Tiny Grimes à la guitare (ensuite remplacé par Everett Barksdale) et Slam Stewart à la contrebasse. Cette formule instrumentale, qui vient d’être popularisée par Nat King Cole, convient tout spécialement aux night-clubs ; elle permet à Tatum de mettre en valeur toutes ses possibilités, la guitare et la basse fonctionnant comme révélateur et catalyseur du swing, souvent suggéré trop subtilement en solo. Par ailleurs, nombre de trouvailles — dialogues entre les instruments, unissons, contrepoint, jeux de scène — répondent au besoin de spectaculaire du public. Tatum, à cette époque, fait souvent usage, dans ses improvisations, de citations d’œuvres connues, classiques ou populaires, procédé qui séduit toujours l’auditeur. Le trio dissous au bout de deux ans, Tatum est alors assez populaire pour travailler de nouveau en solo. Il enregistre abondamment, le plus souvent seul, mais aussi avec Everett Barksdale en trio (1952), avec Benny Carter (1954), Roy Eldridge (1955), Lionel Hampton (1955) et surtout avec Ben Webster (1956). De 1953 à 1956, Norman Granz lui ouvre ses studios, lui laissant toute liberté de jouer ce qu’il désire et aussi longtemps qu’il le souhaite. Près de huit heures de musique sont ainsi confiées à la bande magnétique pour prouver, s’il le faut encore, le « génie d’Art Tatum » (titre qui est choisi pour cette série de microsillons). Une tournée européenne est prévue en 1955 avec la participation de Tatum. Malade, celui-ci refuse de traverser l’Océan. Atteint de diabète, il meurt le 4 novembre 1956 à l’Angels’Hospital de Los Angeles.
Le pianiste des pianistes
Art Tatum fait son apparition aux débuts de ce que les Américains ont surnommé la période « swing », qui succède au jazz « rustique » de La Nouvelle-Orléans et de Chicago. Les années 30, en effet, sont celles où se développe, à côté de la formule du grand orchestre, l’improvisation individuelle. À la suite de Louis Armstrong, de Coleman Hawkins, de Johnny Hodges, les solistes explorent à fond toutes les possibilités de leur instrument et produisent des improvisations souvent marquées par le goût de l’exploit technique et de l’enrichissement mélodique. Cet art de divertissement et de séduction est le lieu qui convient aux ambitions de Tatum. En un mélange spectaculaire, celui-ci rassemble tous les éléments découverts par les pianistes qui l’ont précédé. Aussi ne peut-on l’enfermer dans une direction, un clan ou un style. Il n’est ni dixieland, ni trumpet-style, ni boogie-woogie, ni stride, ni be-bop. Il est à la fois divers dans le bouillonnement de son invention et unique dans son éclectisme virtuose. La seule influence qu’il avoue avoir ressentie est celle de Fats Waller. De fait, elle se laisse deviner dans certains enregistrements de 1933, mais déjà Tatum laisse fuser des gerbes d’arpèges, des prestissimos ébouriffants et des cadences vertigineuses qui n’appartiennent qu’à lui. Et, toujours, il donne aux deux mains une égale importance, contrairement à la plupart des pianistes d’alors, chez qui le rythme fourni par la main gauche sert de support aux variations mélodiques de la droite. Feux d’artifice, bouquets de notes étincelantes, épanouissements somptueux caractérisent le style de Tatum, sans que jamais la pensée directrice ne s’égare. Derrière le chatoiement des sons, l’objectif demeure : l’embellissement, presque la sublimation, de l’œuvre, à force de parenthèses, de digressions et d’incursions délirantes, de sous-entendus magistraux, d’allusions et d’effets de surprise — ornements jugés souvent gratuits, surcharges décoratives, accumulation de détails qui masquent parfois l’architecture sous-jacente. Ce goût de l’excessif et du baroque a parfois été critiqué sévèrement — on a dit de Tatum qu’il était « superficiel ». Mais c’est oublier ce qu’Eddie Bernard définissait comme « une quatrième dimension de la musique qui procède à la fois du phrasé, du toucher, des nuances, de temps intérieur, de la respiration et de la forme technique de l’interprète ». Art Tatum ne composa presque pas, du moins selon la définition du verbe composer dans la musique de tradition européenne. Il choisissait pour support de ses variations n’importe quel thème en vogue, qu’il soit signé G. Gershwin, Rogers et Hart, J. D. Kern, Massenet ou Dvořák. Une jolie ligne mélodique, des harmonies qui s’enchaînent agréablement, et ses doigts couraient sur le clavier, capables de tout. L’homme nous est décrit comme un être fruste et taciturne, surtout préoccupé par l’absorption de litres de bière et les résultats des matchs de base-ball. En fait, quel que soit l’angle choisi, on ne rencontre que le virtuose, le pianiste des pianistes. Nombre de « découvertes » du jazz des années 50 étaient préfigurées par ses audaces harmoniques, mais Tatum n’a jamais été considéré pour autant comme un des annonciateurs des styles actuels. Sans doute parce qu’il semblait ne chercher que des beautés aimables et raffinées, des beautés littéralement inouïes, et non la destruction de la mélodie, la violence, le baroque ou le chaos. Bud Powell, le maître du piano be-bop, n’aurait pourtant pas existé sans Art Tatum, dont Samson François disait : « Il fut absolument original et vraiment génial dans sa manière de composer en improvisant. »
F. T.
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