Riga est également une ville industrielle. Ses usines sont ravitaillées par l’énergie hydraulique de plusieurs centrales établies sur la Dvina occidentale et ses affluents. Au-delà du port, dans l’ouest de l’agglomération, se sont établies des manufactures de textiles (lin, soie, coton importés), des usines de bois et de cellulose (la fabrication du papier représentant le tiers de la valeur de la production industrielle de la ville), de construction de tramways, d’appareils électroménagers, de téléphones et de radios, des industries alimentaires, qui transforment les produits de la pêche et les légumes de la belle plaine marécageuse, mais asséchée de Ielgava. Sur l’ensemble du littoral n’existe, jusqu’à présent, que le port de Riga. Le trafic doit avoisiner de 8 à 10 Mt (surtout des importations). Riga reste une ville d’avenir, en rapport avec l’ouverture de l’U. R. S. S. vers la Baltique et l’Occident.
A. B.
➙ Lettonie.
Rigaud (Hyacinthe)
Peintre français (Perpignan 1659 - Paris 1743).
Hyacinthe Rigau y Ros, dit Rigaud, était le fils d’un tailleur, mais un de ses grands-oncles avait pratiqué la peinture, et l’on a supposé que le futur « peintre des rois » a pu devoir à ce parent, qui possédait une importante collection de livres et de gravures, ses premières leçons d’art. Il alla en prendre ensuite à Montpellier, en 1673, dans l’atelier d’Antoine Ranc (1634-1716), savant professeur de dessin et admirateur de Van Dyck*. À partir de 1677, Hyacinthe Rigaud habita Lyon, où il acquit des connaissances générales. En 1681, à Paris, il fut reçu à l’école de l’Académie royale, où il obtint en 1682 le premier prix de peinture pour un tableau d’histoire, Caïn bâtissant la ville d’Henoch. Ce prix lui donnait droit à une pension et à un séjour à Rome ; mais Charles Le Brun* lui conseilla de ne pas quitter la France et d’abandonner l’histoire pour le portrait, genre dans lequel il se montrait déjà supérieurement doué. Rigaud fut agréé à l’Académie en 1685, y fut reçu académicien en 1687 comme portraitiste, en 1700 comme peintre d’histoire et de portrait ; il y sera nommé professeur en 1710 et en deviendra le recteur en 1733 après avoir reçu le titre de peintre ou roi, de Louis XIV en 1694 et de Louis XV en 1727.
Il a commencé par peindre, comme Largillière*, des bourgeois aisés avant de faire une carrière officielle très brillante à partir de 1688, date d’un portrait de Monsieur, frère du roi, qui remporta un grand succès. Suivirent les portraits des membres de la famille royale, des hauts personnages de la Cour, de Louis XIV lui-même et, plus tard, de Louis XV. Il fallait avoir été portraituré par Rigaud pour se donner à soi-même l’assurance de demeurer glorieux dans la postérité, que l’on soit diplomate ou savant, homme d’Église, de guerre ou de lettres. De 1690 à 1720, sa vogue lui valut d’avoir à produire de trente à quarante portraits annuellement, le plus souvent de grand format et caractérisés non pas seulement par la majesté ou la dignité des figures, mais aussi par de somptueux arrangements de draperies, de consoles, de tout un mobilier représentatif du luxe de la classe dominante. En dépit de tant de travaux, dont certains lui furent imposés, sans doute, par la nécessité mondaine ou l’appât du gain (il amassa une fortune considérable), Rigaud, aidé d’un important atelier, n’a rien laissé qui paraisse expédié à la hâte.
Il a su ne pas s’abandonner sans réserve à l’influence de Le Brun. Certes, il a sans doute partagé le goût de la haute société de son temps pour l’ostentation et la pompe, mais il a collectionné des peintures de Rembrandt* — ce qui corrobore son propre penchant à exprimer la vérité individuelle et la vie intérieure. En témoignent ses meilleurs portraits, fort éloignés déjà de la froide et comme intemporelle perfection classique. Les éclairages y sont plus naturels que théâtraux et les tons chauds, les transparences, les glacis à la Rubens, çà et là des effets de pâte savoureusement sensuels font de Hyacinthe Rigaud un grand artiste de transition entre le xviie et le xviiie s.
Du Louvre à Moscou et à New York, de Versailles à Perpignan, de Caen à Dijon, plus de soixante musées conservent de ses œuvres. Son célèbre portrait en pied de Louis XIV, de 1701, est au Louvre, de même que celui de Bossuet*, à côte du double portrait de Le Brun et Pierre Mignard et du double portrait, plus intime, de sa mère.
M. G.
H. Soulange-Bodin, Rigaud et ses graveurs (Émile-Paul, 1914). / J. Roman, le Livre de raison du peintre Hyacinthe Rigaud (Laurens, 1919).
Rijeka
Principal port de Yougoslavie, en Croatie ; 133 000 hab.
Les premières traces archéologiques reconnues sur l’emplacement de Rijeka appartiennent à la civilisation illyrico-celtique. Sous l’occupation romaine, la cité prend le nom de Tarsatica, puis le flot slave submerge le pays, et la ville est, dès lors, désignée tour à tour sous le nom croate de Rijeka, sous le nom allemand de Sankt-Veit-am-Flaum et sous le nom italien de Fiume.
En 1466, elle passe sous la domination autrichienne, mais obtient dès 1530 un statut qui lui garantit une relative indépendance. Au début du xvie s., elle a beaucoup à souffrir de l’hostilité de Venise, qui voit en elle une rivale, puis elle est en bulle aux agressions des pirates uskoks de Dalmatie. Mais ensuite une ère de prospérité et de tranquillité s’ouvre pour elle.
L’empereur Charles VI (1711-1740) fonde la politique économique de l’Autriche sur le commerce de mer, qui favorise l’expansion de Trieste* et de Rijeka : ce dernier port devient le débouché maritime de la Hongrie. Deux événements importants confirment cette vocation : la proclamation, en 1719, de la ville comme port franc et la construction d’une route qui, à travers le Karst, la relie aux possessions des Habsbourg.
Rijeka, durant toute cette époque, garde son autonomie ; c’est ce qui explique ses protestations lorsqu’en 1776 l’impératrice Marie-Thérèse veut l’annexer à la Hongrie par l’intermédiaire de son union avec la Croatie. L’opposition des habitants est telle que, le 26 avril 1779, l’impératrice rattache directement la ville à la couronne de Hongrie en tant que Corpus separatum.
>
We Care About Your Privacy
We and our 915 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting "I Accept" enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under "we and our partners process data to provide," whereas selecting "Reject All" or withdrawing your consent will disable them. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the ["privacy preferences"] link on the bottom of the webpage [or the floating icon on the bottom-left of the webpage, if applicable]. Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our partners process data to provide:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
About Your Privacy
Your Privacy
Targeting Cookies
Functional Cookies
Performance Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Store and/or access information on a device 739 partners can use this purpose
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 881 partners can use this purpose
Use precise geolocation data 282 partners can use this special feature
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 150 partners can use this special feature
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 567 partners can use this special purpose
Deliver and present advertising and content 568 partners can use this special purpose
Match and combine data from other data sources 408 partners can use this feature
Link different devices 352 partners can use this feature
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 540 partners can use this feature
Save and communicate privacy choices 415 partners can use this special purpose
Your Privacy
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
More information
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Store and/or access information on a device 739 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 881 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 703 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 560 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 561 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 251 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 226 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 804 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 391 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 511 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 603 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 162 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 282 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 150 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 567 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 568 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 408 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 352 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 540 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 415 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.