Les arts somptuaires ont été dès le Moyen Âge et jusqu’aux temps modernes une véritable industrie aux mains des artisans arméniens. Il ne reste malheureusement que peu de leurs œuvres (reliquaire de Skévra).
Les arts mineurs ont connu, au xiiie et au xive s., un développement considérable. La céramique fabriquée à Dwin et à Ani s’inspirait heureusement des types byzantins et perses. Le travail du bois était fort en honneur (porte de Mouch, 1136), et des sculpteurs arméniens travaillaient régulièrement dans l’Empire turc.
J.-M. T.
➙ Byzantin (art) / Géorgie / Paléochrétien (art).
J. Strzygowski, Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa (Vienne, 1918 ; 2 vol.). / J. Baltrusaitis, Étude sur l’art médiéval en Géorgie et en Arménie (E. Leroux, 1929) ; Architettura medievale armena (Rome, 1968). / S. Der Nersessian, Armenia and Byzantine Empire. A Brief Study of Armenien Art and Civilisation (Cambridge, Mass., 1945). / A. Khatcharrian, l’Architecture arménienne (Geuthrter, 1949) ; l’Architecture arménienne du ive au vie s. (Klincksieck, 1971). / L. Dournovo, Miniatures arméniennes (Éd. Cercle d’art, 1960). / Revue des études arméniennes, nouvelle série depuis 1964 (Paris). / E. Utudjian, les Monuments arméniens du ive au xviie s. (Morancé, 1968).
Arménie (république socialiste soviétique d’)
En russe Armianskaïa S. S. R., république fédérée de l’U. R. S. S., au sud du Caucase ; 29 800 km2 ; 2 493 000 hab. (Arméniens). Capit. Erevan.
L’Arménie, partie de la « grande région économique de Transcaucasie », est une république originale par sa position géographique et sa population. Elle s’étend sur un territoire montagneux et difficilement pénétrable, ayant vécu longtemps en marge de l’Union.
Entre les bassins de la Koura au nord et la vallée de l’Araxe, qui forme la frontière avec la Turquie, s’étend un ensemble de hautes terres (40 p. 100 au-dessus de 2 000 m) composé de chaînes et de plateaux (issus d’une longue série de mouvements tectoniques et de phases d’aplanissement), de cônes d’origine éruptive et de coulées étendues. Les volcans, aujourd’hui éteints, s’élèvent au-dessus de la vallée de l’Araxe (le plus élevé, l’Aragats, dépasse 4 000 m) ; les plateaux de laves descendent jusqu’à 1 000 m d’altitude. Les basses terres sont situées au nord (vallées affluentes de la Koura, qui s’élargissent dans leur cours inférieur) et au sud (bassins de l’Araxe remblayés de dépôts néogènes, découpés en collines). Au centre des plateaux, un vaste bassin intérieur est occupé par le lac Sevan, qui, à 1 900 m d’altitude, s’étend sur 1 400 km2.
La situation méridionale explique la chaleur des étés, mais l’altitude impose des hivers longs et rigoureux. Même à Erevan, les amplitudes annuelles sont très fortes, les moyennes de janvier et d’août étant respectivement de – 3,7 °C et de 24,2 °C. Les bassins montagnards et le fond des vallées reçoivent moins de 500 mm. Une steppe de sols gris (sieroziom), parsemée de taches de sols alcalins, fait place en altitude à une pelouse alpine à espèces xérophytiques ; la forêt se localise sur les versants des vallées septentrionales. Presque toutes les cultures exigent un appoint d’eau durant l’été. La vie de symbiose de pasteurs transhumants reste un des fondements de la vie traditionnelle. La population se répartit fort inégalement entre montagne et plaine : voisines de zéro au-dessus de 2 500 m, les densités s’élèvent à 60 habitants au kilomètre carré de 1 500 à 2 000 m, et dépassent 300 au-dessous de 1 000 m.
La population de la république comporte un très fort pourcentage d’autochtones (88,6 p. 100). Les Arméniens gardent très vivants les traits d’une civilisation millénaire, fondée sur une langue et une histoire, une littérature et un art très riches. En revanche, l’élément russe est un des plus faibles de toutes les républiques (2,7 p. 100), le reste des habitants se composant d’Azerbaïdjanais (5,9 p. 100) et de tribus kurdes (1,4 p. 100). Cette population, décimée par les guerres et les massacres au siècle dernier, réduite par un fort mouvement d’émigration, s’est accrue très rapidement, passant de 162 000 en 1831 à plus de 2 millions actuellement. Tout en diminuant, les excédents naturels restent élevés, en raison de la forte natalité : 23 p. 1 000.
Le développement économique date de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et repose sur plusieurs facteurs. Le désenclavement a été obtenu par le percement de deux voies ferrées, unissant Erevan à Tbilissi et à Bakou ; deux gazoducs apportent l’énergie des bassins transcaucasiens aux centres industriels ; l’amélioration du réseau routier a considérablement activé les échanges. L’exploitation de minerais non ferreux (cuivre, plomb, zinc, molybdène) très variés, et dont les gisements sont dispersés, alimente des fonderies et combinats (à Kafan, Alaverdi). L’emploi d’une abondante main-d’œuvre jeune a permis la modernisation d’industries traditionnelles (transformation des produits agricoles et textiles), mais surtout l’implantation de grosses entreprises (mécanique à Leninakan et à Erevan, où s’est fondé un combinat automobile ; chimie à partir du gaz naturel [caoutchouc synthétique et pneumatiques à Erevan]).
C’est le long du grand tronc ferroviaire d’Alaverdi à Erevan que s’échelonnent les implantations les plus récentes. L’irrigation, enfin, a permis le développement de la production agricole. Les eaux du lac Sevan s’écoulant par le Razdan sont utilisées en vue de la production d’hydro-électricité et de l’irrigation du bassin d’Erevan. Kolkhozes et surtout sovkhozes spécialisés s’étendent sur les collines et les terrasses. Le coton est demeuré longtemps une monoculture dans la plaine ; le tabac est cultivé dans presque toutes les vallées de la région volcanique et autour du Sevan ; la betterave à sucre s’étend à l’ouest, les vergers couvrent les pentes, des coopératives vinicoles exploitent un beau vignoble, dont les produits de qualité (450 000 hl par an) sont en majeure partie exportés dans l’Union, notamment en Russie.
La concentration des moyens de production a entraîné la descente de la population dans les grandes villes : Erevan rassemble déjà plus du quart de la population de la république, dont l’avenir tient au développement des productions de qualité et aux possibilités touristiques qu’offrent les sites et les monuments.
A. B.
➙ Erevan.
Armenia (en russe, Moscou, 1966).
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