Elle ne retint la passion du roi qu’environ six ans, mais elle demeura pour lui une amie fidèle, indispensable, tout à la fois confidente et conseillère. Son influence politique a, toutefois, été exagérée. Après la guerre de la Succession d’Autriche, Mme de Pompadour contribua au renversement des alliances : flattée de l’amabilité de l’impératrice Marie-Thérèse à son égard, elle était en outre très irritée des sarcasmes de Frédéric II sur la « dynastie des cotillons ». Mais elle ne souhaita aucunement la funeste guerre de Sept Ans. En 1757, après l’attentat de Damiens, elle se vit momentanément exclue de la Cour, mais retrouva vite son ancienne situation. Elle contribua à certains changements de ministère. Après avoir fait renvoyer le contrôleur général Philibert Orry (1745), puis le comte de Maurepas (1749), lequel l’avait attaquée d’une manière fort basse, elle fit partir Machault d’Arnouville et le marquis d’Argenson, dont elle avait à se plaindre. Elle combattit également les Jésuites et le parti dévot, qui travaillaient à son éloignement. Pendant la guerre de Sept Ans, elle poussa le médiocre prince de Soubise, mais aussi Choiseul*, qui fut un grand ministre.
Pendant toute sa vie, elle souffrit des attaques cruelles de ses adversaires. Elle vivait dans une perpétuelle angoisse. Ayant toujours eu une santé délicate, elle luttait pour conserver une apparence de jeunesse, mais ses combats continuels contre l’acharnement de ses ennemis l’épuisaient. Mme de Pompadour mourut à moins de quarante-quatre ans d’une pneumonie, acceptant son sort avec des sentiments de vraie piété.
A. M.-B.
P. de Nolhac, Louis XV et Mme de Pompadour (Nelson, 1923 ; nouv. éd., Conard, 1929) ; Madame de Pompadour et la politique (Conard, 1928). / H. Carré, la Marquise de Pompadour (Hachette, 1937). / M. Maurette, la Vie privée de Mme de Pompadour (Hachette, 1951). / A. Thierry, la Marquise de Pompadour (la Palatine, Genève, 1959). / J. Levron, Madame de Pompadour (Arthaud, 1961).
pompage électrique
Mode de transfert de l’énergie électrique produite par une centrale hydraulique en vue d’une meilleure rentabilité de son utilisation.
Introduction
L’éventail de production de l’énergie hydro-électrique comprend d’une part les usines au fil de l’eau, qui ne disposent d’aucune réserve, mais qui produisent environ 60 p. 100 de l’énergie hydraulique, alors que leur puissance n’est que de 40 p. 100 de la puissance totale installée, d’autre part les usines de lac et d’éclusée, qui possèdent une réserve plus ou moins importante, utilisable en périodes de pointes de consommation, et qui, représentant 60 p. 100 de la puissance installée, n’interviennent que pour 40 p. 100 de l’énergie hydraulique totale produite. À ces notions traditionnelles, on doit ajouter celles de puissance garantie et de contribution à la satisfaction des besoins en pointes pour obtenir une notion plus valable du service que peut rendre un équipement, donc de sa valeur. En fait, la véritable vocation de l’hydraulique n’est pas de fournir de grandes quantités d’énergie électrique, mais de produire une puissance modulable instantanément pour s’adapter aux fluctuations de la demande. Ce sont les qualités d’intervention souple et rapide qui caractériseront le mieux dans l’avenir l’intérêt d’un équipement hydraulique et la valeur du « service rendu ». Aussi, si les chutes régularisées n’ont, désormais, qu’un avenir limité, en revanche les stations de pompage se développeront non seulement en France, mais dans le monde entier.
Quelques chiffres
La station de pompage la plus ancienne fut probablement le groupe constitué par le lac Blanc et le lac Noir, entre lesquels il existe une dénivellation de 100 m et utilisant l’énergie de nuit de la centrale de Kembs, sur le Rhin, qui n’était pas reliée alors au réseau général de transport.
L’usine de Revin a une puissance de pompage de 600 MW, correspondant, pour une hauteur de refoulement de 240 m, au remplissage d’un réservoir supérieur de 6 × 106 m3. La station de Vianden, au Luxembourg, dispose de trois groupes de 350 MW.
P. M.
Principe
La station de pompage, dont la particularité est d’utiliser l’eau en circuit fermé, comporte deux réservoirs artificiels A et B, reliés par des conduites en charge, C1, C2, alimentant l’usine D, où se trouvent les groupes de production. Aux pertes par évaporation près, un des réservoirs A ou B du circuit n’est rempli qu’une fois à l’origine. Par conséquent, seul le relief du terrain intervient dans le choix de l’implantation de l’usine, dont l’emplacement est indépendant du réseau hydrologique de la région.
Les groupes producteurs d’énergie électrique peuvent être constitués d’un moteur M accouplé à une pompe P, généralement à plusieurs étages, et d’une turbine T du type Pelton ou Francis entraînant un alternateur G ; quelquefois, G et M peuvent être réduits à une machine fonctionnant tantôt en moteur, tantôt en génératrice asynchrone, lorsque la puissance du groupe n’est pas très élevée. Ce type de groupe, dit ternaire, tourne toujours dans le même sens.
De plus en plus, on n’utilise qu’une seule machine hydraulique, fonctionnant tantôt en pompe, tantôt en turbine par simple inversion du sens de marche. Ces groupes réversibles, dans l’état de la technique actuelle, peuvent fonctionner pour des dénivellations au plus égales à 400 ou 500 m.
Conditions économiques du pompage
Pendant les heures creuses (soit de 22 heures à 6 heures), l’eau du réservoir B est pompée pour être stockée dans le réservoir supérieur A. Comme alors le réseau n’est pas chargé, le coût marginal de production de l’énergie est faible. En heures de pointe de consommation, surtout de 7 heures à 9 heures et de 17 heures à 19 heures l’hiver, l’énergie coûte plus cher, et il y a intérêt à utiliser la réserve de A pour produire de l’électricité par turbinage.
Le rendement moyen global d’une installation de pompage étant de l’ordre de 0,70, il faut consommer environ 3 kWh pour en produire 2. Pour une région telle que les Ardennes, le kilowatt-heure des heures creuses coûte 4,24 centimes, celui des heures de pointe d’hiver 24,44 centimes et celui des heures pleines d’hiver 13,38 centimes. On dépensera en moyenne 100 pour vendre de 300 à 350 avec le rendement moyen cité.
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