Fournissant la matière de 61 volumes (en cours de parution), l’œuvre arghezienne révèle également un prosateur original, qui cultive l’esquisse anecdotique, le portrait empreint de sarcasme, le poème en prose (Ce-ai cu mine, vîntule ? [Que me veux-tu, Vent ?], 1937), le récit satirique, où le fantastique se superpose au réel (Cimitirul Buna-Vestire [le Cimetière de l’Annonciation], 1936), la célébration de l’amour mystique (Ochii Maicii Domnului [les Yeux de la Sainte Vierge], 1934), mais surtout la « tablette », court billet réunissant les vertus du médaillon, du pamphlet et du commentaire (Tablettes du pays de Kuty, 1933 ; Billets de perroquet, 1946).
Écrivain aux curiosités multiples (il a écrit aussi des pièces de théâtre, comme la Seringue, et donné d’excellentes versions roumaines de Molière, La Fontaine, Baudelaire, Krylov), Arghezi est le créateur d’un style original, unissant le lieu commun et le néologisme, le parler métaphorique et l’expression directe, en des associations insolites qui sans cesse étonnent et éveillent.
T. B.
P. Constantinescu, Tudor Arghezi (en roumain, Bucarest, 1940). / S. Cioculescu, Introduction à la poésie de Tudor Arghezi (en roumain, Bucarest, 1946). / Poèmes choisis, traduits et présentés par H. Juin (Éd. Hautefeuille, 1958). / O. S. Crohmălniceanu, Tudor Arghezi (en roumain, Bucarest, 1960). / M. Petroveanu, Tudor Arghezi (en roumain, Bucarest, 1961). /L. A. Marcel, Tudor Arghezi (Seghers, 1964). / T. Vianu, Arghezi, poète de l’homme (en roumain, Bucarest, 1964). / A. Häggqvist, Poète de l’homme (trad. ; Stockholm, 1965). / D. Micu, l’Œuvre de Tudor Arghezi (en roumain, Bucarest, 1965). / E. Manu, Prolegomene argheziene (en roumain, Bucarest, 1968).
argiles
Roches sédimentaires, souvent meubles, qui, imbibées d’eau, peuvent former une pâte plus ou moins plastique. Le terme désigne également une catégorie de minéraux : les silicates d’alumine, de magnésie, ou les aluminosilicates, qui entrent, pour une large part, dans la constitution des roches argileuses.
Les minéraux argileux
Ils sont de très petite taille. Les particules argileuses ont, le plus souvent, des dimensions inférieures à 2 microns. Leur aspect morphologique est seulement visible au microscope électronique. Leur détermination est généralement effectuée par diffraction des rayons X ; cette méthode est utilement complétée par des analyses thermiques (analyse thermopondérale, analyse thermique différentielle) et par des analyses chimiques.
Du point de vue cristallographique, il existe deux grandes catégories de minéraux argileux : les argiles phylliteuses et les argiles fibreuses.
Les argiles phylliteuses
Ce sont les plus fréquentes. Comme les micas, il s’agit de phyllosilicates, minéraux formés par l’empilement de feuillets. Chaque feuillet (épais de 7 à 14 angströms) est lui-même constitué de plusieurs couches.
• Dans les minéraux du groupe de la kaolinite (kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, halloysite), chaque feuillet est constitué par deux couches : une couche tétraédrique et une couche octaédrique. La couche tétraédrique est formée par l’association de tétraèdres liés entre eux et formant une couche plane. Chaque tétraèdre comporte, en son centre, un atome de silicium, et chacun des quatre sommets est occupé par un atome d’oxygène. La couche octaédrique est formée de l’association d’octaèdres liés entre eux en couche plane. Chaque octaèdre a son centre occupé par un atome d’aluminium ; les sommets sont occupés par des atomes d’oxygène ou des oxhydriles (OH). La liaison entre les deux couches est assurée par la mise en commun d’atomes d’oxygène, appartenant, de ce fait, à des tétraèdres et à des octaèdres. La formule chimique d’un tel minéral peut s’écrire (OH)
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AlSiO.
• Dans les minéraux des groupes de l’illite, des smectites et des vermiculites, chaque feuillet est constitué par l’empilement de trois couches. Une couche octaédrique est comprise entre deux couches tétraédriques, mais plusieurs différences existent avec les couches des kaolinites.
Dans les couches tétraédriques, les centres des tétraèdres sont occupés en proportion variable (jusqu’à 25 p. 100) par des atomes d’aluminium.
Les centres des octaèdres peuvent être occupés par des atomes variés, de valence 3 (Al, Fe) ou 2 (Fe, Mg).
L’assemblage de ces trois couches ne forme pas un édifice électriquement neutre (équilibre des ions positifs et négatifs) ; il existe un déficit de charge, qui est compensé par de gros atomes situés entre les feuillets.
Dans les minéraux du groupe de l’illite (illite, glauconite), ces atomes interfoliaires sont, pour l’essentiel, du potassium.
Dans les smectites (montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, stevensite), il s’agit de calcium, de sodium ou de magnésium, mais, en outre, des couches d’eau s’introduisent entre les feuillets ; c’est pourquoi les smectites sont souvent qualifiées de minéraux gonflants.
Dans les vermiculites, il s’agit surtout de calcium et de magnésium.
• Enfin, dans les minéraux du groupe des chlorites, chaque feuillet, formé comme précédemment de trois couches, est séparé du suivant par une couche octaédrique supplémentaire. Les centres des octaèdres sont occupés par des atomes d’aluminium, et les sommets par des oxhydriles (OH).
Ces divers types de feuillets phylliteux peuvent être associés dans des minéraux ou des édifices dits « interstratifiés ». On aura, par exemple, un minéral formé par l’alternance de feuillets d’illite et de chlorite, ou de vermiculite et de smectite. Les études modernes ont montré que ces édifices cristallins étaient très fréquents.
Les argiles fibreuses
Ayant une structure en rubans assez différente de celle des phyllites, elles comportent deux catégories principales de minéraux : les attapulgites (ou palygorskites), qui sont des silicates alumino-magnésiens, et les sépiolites, silicates essentiellement magnésiens.
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