G. N. Clark, The Later Stuarts, 1660-1714 (Oxford, 1944 ; 2e éd., 1956). / M. Ashley, England in the Seventeenth Century (Harmondsworth, 1954 ; nouv. éd., 1961) ; The Glorious Revolution of 1688 (Londres, 1966). / D. Ogg, England in the Reigns of James II and William III (Londres, 1955). / A. Bryant (sous la dir. de), The Memoirs of James II, 1652-1660 (Londres, 1962). / R. E. Boyer, English Declarations of Indulgence 1687 and 1688 (Mouton, La Haye, 1968).
Jagellons
Dynastie royale d’origine lituano-russe, qui régna principalement en Pologne* (1386-1572) et dans le grand duché de Lituanie* (1377-1392 et 1440-1572), mais aussi en Hongrie* (1440-1444 et 1490-1526) et en Bohême* (1471-1526).
Introduction
Elle doit son nom et sa fortune au grand-duc de Lituanie Jagellon (Jogaila), qui devint roi de Pologne en 1386 par son mariage avec la reine Hedwige d’Anjou.
Les Jagellons furent en principe rois électifs en Pologne : la couronne resta dans leur famille parce qu’ils étaient grands-ducs héréditaires de Lituanie et que la noblesse polonaise entendait maintenir l’union avec ce pays. Quatre générations de Jagellons ont préservé ou resserré au gré des circonstances l’union des deux États, à l’origine personnelle, qui aboutit en 1569 à leur fédération. La « République commune des deux nations » étonna l’Europe par ses institutions de « démocratie nobiliaire » née des libertés et privilèges que la noblesse obtint des Jagellons.
Rivale des Habsbourg* en Europe centrale, leur maison atteignit le faîte de sa puissance dans la seconde moitié du xve s., lorsqu’elle les supplanta sur les trônes de Bohême et de Hongrie. Ses États s’étendaient alors de la Baltique aux abords de la mer Noire et des portes de Moscou à l’Adriatique. Mais, après le désastre de Mohács (1526), le contrôle de l’Europe centrale revint aux Habsbourg, avec ces deux couronnes, en vertu du traité de Vienne (1515). Les Jagellons n’oublièrent jamais que l’union avait été conclue pour résister à l’ordre Teutonique, rendre à la Pologne un accès à la Baltique, contrôler en commun les terres ruthènes et les défendre contre les Tatars et la Moscovie rivale. Cette politique favorisa l’expansion de la noblesse polonaise vers l’est et la polonisation de la noblesse lituanienne, attirée par le modèle politico-social élaboré en Pologne et séduite par l’éclat d’une civilisation que le mécénat avisé des derniers Jagellons a particulièrement servie. Le règne des Jagellons coïncida avec l’apogée de la puissance politique et de la prospérité de la Pologne ainsi qu’avec l’« âge d’or » de sa civilisation.
Au xixe s., leur œuvre est devenue en Pologne le symbole d’une certaine conception de la partie restaurée. Opposée à la « tradition Piast » d’un État national, reconstitué sur les terres ethniquement polonaises, la tradition jagellonienne justifiait un État multinational, au nom d’une mission civilisatrice de la Pologne sur ses marges orientales.
Ladislas II Jagellon
(1351 - Gródek, 1434), grand-duc de Lituanie de 1377 à 1392 et roi de Pologne de 1386 à 1434.
Lorsque Jogaila (Jagellon) devint grand-duc de Lituanie (1377), les agressions missionnaires de l’ordre Teutonique et l’attraction exercée par la Moscovie sur les masses orthodoxes de son vaste empire lui imposaient l’abandon du paganisme. Fils d’une princesse russe, Jogaila se tourna d’abord vers la Moscovie. La communauté d’intérêts face à l’ordre fit prévaloir l’alliance de la Pologne. Par l’acte de Krewo (14 août 1385), en échange de la main de la reine Hedwige et de la couronne, il promit aux seigneurs polonais de convertir son peuple au catholicisme, d’« unir pour toujours » son empire à la Pologne et de reconquérir les terres des Piast.
Il fut baptisé à Cracovie sous le nom de Ladislas (15 févr. 1386), épousa Hedwige et fut couronné roi de Pologne (14 mars 1386). Dès février 1387, il veillait au baptême de son peuple et fondait l’évêché de Vilnious, assurant aux catholiques une position privilégiée.
Diplomate avisé, souverain tenace et courageux, Ladislas justifia par son œuvre le choix du parti qui l’avait imposé à la jeune reine. Dès 1387, la Hongrie restitua à la Pologne la Ruthénie de Halicz. Les palatins de Moldavie (1387), de Valachie (1389), de Bessarabie (1396) reconnurent la suzeraineté des deux souverains.
La conversion pacifique de la Lituanie ôtait à l’ordre Teutonique sa raison d’être ; l’union des deux États le menaçait à brève échéance. Il voulut la briser en appuyant la révolte de Witold (ou Vytautas) [1389]. Ladislas déjoua ces plans en confiant à son cousin le gouvernement du grand-duché (1392). La guerre, ajournée par Hedwige, très attachée à la paix, était désormais inévitable. Ce danger permit à Ladislas de rester roi de Pologne après la mort d’Hedwige (1399), événement qui imposa un nouvel accord sur les relations des deux États, définies comme union en la personne de Ladislas, duc suprême de Lituanie, dont Vitold devint grand-duc à vie (1401). L’union fut renouvelée à Horodło en 1413.
La guerre, activement préparée des deux côtés, éclata en 1409. Le 15 juillet 1410, à Grunwald, les armées polono-lituaniennes, conduites par Ladislas et Witold, taillèrent en pièces les forces de l’ordre Teutonique, dont la puissance militaire était définitivement brisée, et l’expansion stoppée ; mais l’ordre ne restitua que la Samogitie lituanienne.
Le roi eut alors recours au concile de Constance, où les docteurs de Cracovie firent réprouver par l’opinion chrétienne la brutalité des chevaliers ; la guerre rebondit et traîna jusqu’en 1422, sans résultat. Son prestige permit à Ladislas de soutenir les hussites modérés, qui lui offrirent la couronne tchèque : il dut la refuser (1420) sous la pression de l’épiscopat polonais, qui l’obligea à promulguer un édit sévère contre les hussites de Pologne (1424).
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