Contrat signé par-devant notaire entre un État (ville, prince) et un chef de guerre professionnel, qui a réuni une compagnie de soldats mercenaires bien entraînés, la condotta précise la durée et l’importance de l’engagement (nombre d’hommes ou de lances), la rétribution du capitaine (provision financière, parfois concession de terres, de châteaux, de villes), la solde remise aux combattants, qui est fonction de l’importance de leur participation au combat (ainsi, les cavaliers sont-ils mieux rétribués que les fantassins [fanti]). Un serment prêté entre les deux parties consolide l’engagement, qui précise en outre la durée du délai (six mois en général) pendant lequel, après son expiration, la compagnie ne peut contracter une nouvelle condotta avec une puissance combattant celle qu’elle vient de servir. Malgré cette précaution, les termes du contrat ne sont pas toujours scrupuleusement respectés, notamment en ce qui concerne les effectifs, en raison de la pratique des passe-volants, figurants engagés pour vingt-quatre heures lors de la revue des troupes qui précède immédiatement la signature de la condotta et qui disparaissent aussitôt pour le plus grand profit du capitaine, qui touche le montant de leur solde sans avoir à les rétribuer.
L’organisation interne des compagnies de mercenaires
L’unité de base de ces compagnies est la lance (ou barbue), formée de trois hommes montés : le lancier sur un destrier, l’écuyer sur un cheval de selle et le page sur un roncin. Contrairement à l’affirmation d’Edmond René Labande et comme l’a fort bien démontré Ferdinand Lot, la lance ne comprend qu’un combattant, le lancier, et non trois, encore que l’écuyer, qui l’habille et porte ses armes, et que le page, qui entretient ses chevaux, puissent être amenés à se battre. Cinq lances constituent un poste, dix une enseigne, vingt-cinq une bannière, commandés respectivement et hiérarchiquement par un caporal, par un décurion et par un connestable sous l’autorité suprême du chef de la compagnie, le capitaine, qui possède deux destriers, un cheval de parade pour les entrées dans les villes conquises, que solennise la présence à ses côtés de trois musiciens et d’un tambour.
Deux à dix maréchaux et des sous-maréchaux aident le capitaine à maintenir une stricte discipline ; celui-ci rétribue en outre un chancelier, un clerc, des conseillers et des trésoriers, qui contribuent à faire de la compagnie un véritable État ambulant particulièrement dangereux pour le maintien de l’ordre dans la péninsule.
P. T.
➙ Milan / Sforza / Venise / Visconti.
E. Ricotti, Storia delle compagnie di ventura in Italia (Turin, 1844-45, 4 vol. ; 2e éd., 1893, 2 vol.). / E. R. Labande, Rinaldo Orsini, comte de Tagliacozzo (Picard, 1939). / F. Lot, l’Art militaire et les armées du Moyen Âge, t. I (Payot, 1947). / C. C. Bayley, War and Society in Renaissance Florence, the « De Militia » of Leonardo Bruni (Toronto, 1961).
conducteur
Corps capable de transmettre des charges électriques.
La définition de l’état conducteur présente une certaine ambiguïté. On dit, d’ordinaire, qu’il s’agit d’un milieu contenant des charges susceptibles de se déplacer sous l’action d’un champ. Dans ce cas, le vide est un isolant parfait. Toutefois, si des électrons ou des ions y sont introduits, ils s’y meuvent beaucoup plus librement que dans n’importe quel conducteur. Il en est de même des gaz ou des liquides isolants, quoique le mouvement des particules chargées y soit gêné par les chocs avec les molécules. Au contraire, un isolant solide ne permet pratiquement pas le déplacement des électrons que l’on peut y faire pénétrer.
Généralités
Toute matière est conductrice à un certain degré, mais la gamme est immense, puisque les résistivités vont de 10–6 Ωcm (argent) à 1016 Ωcm (polyéthylène). Ce qui est important dans les phénomènes électriques, c’est la conductibilité relative de milieux qui sont en contact. Une ligne de transport d’énergie en fil de cuivre est suffisamment isolée par l’air ambiant ; elle ne pourrait l’être par l’eau de la mer.
Un ou des conducteurs entourés de tous côtés par un milieu isolant parfait conservent leurs charges, et leurs potentiels sont constants. C’est un cas idéal d’équilibre électrostatique, dont les propriétés sont analysées ci-dessous. a) Le potentiel est le même en tous les points d’un conducteur. Aucun courant électrique ne le parcourt ; le champ et la charge sont nuls en tout point intérieur. b) La surface du conducteur porte une charge électrique de densité σ (coulombs par mètre carré). c) Le champ électrique E au voisinage immédiat de cette surface lui est perpendiculaire ; son intensité est E = σ/є, є étant la permittivité du milieu isolant. d) La surface du conducteur subit une traction normale dirigée vers le diélectrique (« pression électrostatique ») dont l’intensité en newtons par mètre carré est p = σ2/2є = єE2/2. e) L’intensité du champ et le potentiel en chaque point de l’espace isolant, la densité de charge en chaque point de la surface d’un conducteur sont complètement déterminés dès lors que le potentiel ou la charge totale de chaque conducteur sont connus. En particulier, la matière dont sont faits les conducteurs n’a pas d’importance ; seule intervient leur surface géométrique extérieure. La présence de cavités, hétérogénéités internes, etc., est sans aucune influence. f) Les charges des conducteurs sont des fonctions linéaires de leurs potentiels :
Les coefficients à double indice sont positifs et appelés capacités ; les autres sont négatifs et égaux deux à deux (C12 = C21, etc.). Leurs valeurs dépendent de la configuration géométrique des surfaces extérieures des n conducteurs. Dans le cas de deux conducteurs très rapprochés (condensateurs), C11, C22 et – C12 sont presque identiques et correspondent à la « capacité » du condensateur.
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