• Autoguidage par inertie. Il utilise un système gyroscopique à trois axes. Trois gyroscopes de haute précision sont utilisés comme accéléromètres, et trois gyroscopes restent pointés suivant trois dimensions rectangulaires de l’espace. Il est ainsi possible de déterminer constamment les accélérations subies par un engin selon les trois axes rectangulaires. Deux intégrations successives de ces données introduites dans un ordinateur permettent de connaître, à tout instant, la position de l’engin dans l’espace. Il s’agit d’une nouvelle application extrêmement précise et automatique du point par l’estime des anciens navigateurs.
J. P.
auto-induction
Cas particulier du phénomène d’induction électromagnétique où les variations de flux, créatrices de la force électromotrice (f. é. m.) induite dans un circuit, sont dues au courant électrique circulant dans ce circuit. (On dit aussi induction propre, ou self-induction.)
Une bobine parcourue par un courant enlace un flux magnétique Φ qu’elle a elle-même créé. Si le courant se modifie ou si la bobine se déforme, le flux Φ varie, et la bobine est le siège d’une f. é. m. dont l’expression algébrique est est la dérivée du flux Φ par rapport au temps t, calculée à l’instant où on considère la f. é. m. e. Conformément à la loi de Lenz, cette f. é. m. tend à s’opposer à la variation de courant ou à la déformation de la bobine.
Joseph Henry
Physicien américain (Albany 1797 - Washington 1878). Autodidacte, il est l’auteur de recherches d’électromagnétisme, qu’il effectue sans grandes ressources dans son laboratoire. En 1826, il perfectionne l’électro-aimant, puis il prend une large part à l’invention du télégraphe. Si, en 1832, il met en évidence, en même temps que Faraday, l’induction électromagnétique, c’est lui seul qui, la même année, découvre l’auto-induction et l’extra-courant de rupture.
Inductance (ou coefficient de self-induction)
Définition
Le flux Φ créé et enlacé par un circuit peut être comparé à sa cause, le courant I dans le circuit, et le rapport dit « inductance » ou « coefficient de self-induction » du circuit, détermine l’importance du flux que le circuit envoie à travers lui-même pour un courant donné. L est toujours positif. Si le circuit est indéformable et placé dans un milieu magnétique de perméabilité constante, le flux est proportionnel au courant : l’inductance L est constante. Si le circuit est déformable ou placé dans un milieu ferromagnétique, l’inductance est variable. C’est le cas d’une bobine à noyau de fer.
Expression de la force électromotrice d’auto-induction. Unité d’inductance
1. Inductance constante. Des expressions on déduit Cette dernière relation permet la définition de l’unité d’inductance : le henry (symbole H). Un circuit fermé a une inductance de 1 henry si une f. é. m. de 1 volt y est produite quand le courant électrique qui le parcourt varie uniformément de 1 ampère par seconde. Il est équivalent de dire que ce circuit enlace un flux de 1 weber quand il est parcouru par un courant de 1 ampère. 2. Inductance variable. Lorsqu’une bobine enlace des matériaux ferromagnétiques, son inductance est fonction du courant qui la traverse. L’expression de la f. é. m. d’auto-induction devient alors :
Son application nécessite la connaissance des variations de L avec le courant I, ce qui revient à suivre les variations du flux Φ. On n’a donc plus avantage à utiliser l’inductance.
Cependant, pour de faibles variations de courant autour d’une valeur I0, on peut définir une inductance dynamique La f. é. m. s’écrit alors : Ld dépend de I et s’identifie à Cette inductance dynamique trouve son emploi dans l’étude de certains dispositifs : inductance saturable, inductance de filtrage...
Détermination des inductances
Dans un petit nombre de cas, on sait calculer l’inductance d’une bobine à partir de sa géométrie et du nombre de ses spires. Il existe des formulaires spécialisés dans ce calcul. On y remarquera que l’inductance est proportionnelle au carré du nombre de spires. Par exemple, pour une bobine sans fuite magnétique, c’est-à-dire dont toutes les spires enlacent les mêmes lignes de flux, l’inductance a pour expression : (N = nombre de spires ; ℛ = réluctance offerte à l’ensemble des lignes de flux).
On notera également que deux bobines en série ont une inductance totale : L = L
12
+ L + 2 M, où L1 et L2 sont les inductances respectives de chacune des bobines, et M leur coefficient de mutuelle inductance.
Cette relation trouve son application dans le variomètre (fig. 1). Cet appareil comprend deux bobines en série pouvant pivoter l’une à l’intérieur de l’autre. La mutuelle M, et par suite l’inductance totale L, dépend de la position d’une bobine par rapport à l’autre. On a ainsi une inductance réglable utilisée dans des dispositifs de mesure.
Très fréquemment, une inductance sera connue par une mesure. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes, et principalement l’emploi de la résonance électrique (acuimètre) et des ponts d’impédances (fig. 2).
Effets de l’auto-induction sur la fermeture ou l’ouverture d’un circuit
Fermeture d’un circuit (fig. 3)
Un circuit de résistance R, d’inductance constante L, soumis à une f. é. m. E, est tributaire de l’équation différentielle dont la solution est représentée graphiquement sur la figure 4.
La f. é. m. d’auto-induction s’oppose à l’établissement du courant. Celui-ci met un temps théoriquement infini à atteindre sa valeur limite Il vaut 63,3 p. 100 de cette valeur au bout du temps dit « constante de temps du circuit ».
Le bilan énergétique déduit de l’équation différentielle est le suivant : I représente l’énergie fournie par la source ; II représente l’énergie dissipée par effet Joule ; l’énergie électromagnétique emmagasinée dans la bobine.
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