Car les rayonnantes peintures de Rothko, loin de souscrire à une religion particulière, sont une incitation au divin, sans doute celui que les hommes portent en eux sans l’attacher obligatoirement à un Dieu. Ainsi s’expliquent les dimensions de ces toiles. Le peintre déclarait en effet : « Plus la peinture que vous faites est grande, plus vous êtes dedans. Ce n’est plus quelque chose à quoi vous donnez des ordres. » L’intense vibration de la couleur, à ce compte, signale le passage de la contemplation au ravissement de l’âme, à l’extase. Et Rothko lui-même désignait ses œuvres comme des « actions mystiques ». Il en décrivait le cheminement en ces termes : « Tout commence comme une aventure inconnue dans un lieu inconnu. Ce n’est qu’au moment de l’achèvement, dans un éclair de conscience, qu’on leur reconnaît le nombre et la fonction prévus. Les idées et les plans qu’on avait à l’esprit au départ n’étaient qu’un passage à travers lequel on a quitté le monde où ils affleurent. » Et ce n’est pas le moindre mérite de cette peinture que de communiquer, à l’aide de moyens en apparence extraordinairement élémentaires, ce transport, cet arrachement dont Baudelaire, auparavant, avait indiqué l’itinéraire par les mots : « anywhere out of the world ». Nul avant Rothko n’était parvenu, en usant de la seule couleur portée aux limites supérieures d’elle-même, à éveiller autant de résonances dans le cœur et l’esprit du spectateur, sauf peut-être Turner*. Mais celui-ci ne communiquait avec la divinité que dans la foudre et les éclairs. Alors que, pour peu que nous nous laissions envahir par la peinture de Rothko, le tonnerre s’apaise, l’orage s’éloigne et bientôt une grande sérénité s’empare de nous.
J. P.
F. A. Baumann, Catalogue de l’exposition Mark Rothko (au Musée national d’art moderne) [Réunion des musées nationaux, 1972].
Rothschild
Famille de banquiers.
Les débuts
Au xvie s., les Rothschild sont de simples changeurs établis à Francfort-sur-le-Main dans une boutique à l’enseigne de l’« Écu rouge » (Rothschild), le sobriquet devenant bientôt leur patronyme.
Ils acquièrent une certaine importance lorsque Meyer Amschel (1744-1812), le véritable fondateur de la dynastie, devient le banquier de son souverain, le landgrave de Hesse-Cassel, Guillaume IX. Fournisseur de la cour de Hesse, Meyer Amschel entre par ce biais dans les grands circuits commerciaux de l’époque. « Juif de cour », c’est-à-dire jouissant de la confiance du souverain, il a acquis une certaine aisance lors du conflit qui va plonger l’Europe dans la guerre pour vingt ans (1792-1815).
En 1798, l’un de ses fils, Nathan (1777-1836), se fixe en Angleterre, d’abord à Manchester, puis à Londres, d’où il pourra centraliser les envois de marchandises et d’argent que, malgré le Blocus* continental, l’Angleterre déverse sur l’Europe antinapoléonienne. À partir de 1813, il devient l’agent quasi officiel du gouvernement britannique.
Meyer Amschel meurt en 1812, mais dès la fin de la guerre le nom des Rothschild est connu partout, et l’année 1815 voit Nathan diriger la maison de Londres. James (1792-1868) est installé à Paris depuis 1812, tandis qu’Anselm (1773-1855), Carl (1788-1855) et Salomon (1774-1855) demeurent dans le vieux berceau francfortois ; quelques années plus tard, Salomon s’établit à Vienne, et Carl à Naples.
Après 1815, les Rothschild ajoutent aux fonctions traditionnelles de la banque (opérations commerciales ou de crédits) une activité plus spécifiquement financière : vente de titres, de valeurs mobilières, etc. Banquiers conservateurs, ils sont les argentiers de la Sainte-Alliance après 1815, ce qui leur vaut leur première élévation sociale importante : en 1816, ils sont anoblis par l’empereur d’Autriche. Banquiers de la Contre-Révolution, ils fournissent de l’argent aux monarques ; à ce titre, ils surclassent bientôt tous les autres banquiers européens.
C’est grâce à leur aide que Metternich* peut mener à bien sa politique.
En 1822, les cinq frères sont nommés barons héréditaires.
Les mutations de la banque au xixe siècle
Après 1830, cependant, les Rothschild sont conduits à s’adapter à un monde en pleine mutation économique : la haute banque doit réduire ses activités traditionnelles et financer désormais le crédit industriel.
À Paris, à partir de 1831, James gère la fortune personnelle de Louis-Philippe. Dès 1835, il est l’un des magnats des chemins de fer : É. Pereire a obtenu sa participation à la construction et à l’exploitation de la ligne Paris-Saint-Germain ; mais c’est la ligne du Nord (1847) qui représente sa plus grande réussite.
Le coup d’État du 2-Décembre consolide les intérêts des compagnies ferroviaires, mais l’année 1852 voit les débuts de l’affrontement entre James de Rothschild et les frères Pereire, Émile (1800-1875) et Isaac (1806-1880), qui, avec Bénédict (1792-1858) et Achille (1800-1867) Fould, créent une banque nouvelle, le Crédit mobilier.
Ce sera une lutte sans merci entre la haute banque traditionnelle et un système bancaire moderne, le heurt entre deux conceptions : celle du marchand de capitaux classique et celle d’un organisme soucieux de financer l’expansion économique, en faisant largement appel au crédit public grâce à des méthodes publicitaires auxquelles répugne l’aristocratique haute banque.
Le conflit entre les Pereire et les Rothschild est mené sur plusieurs fronts, boursiers et ferroviaires. Ainsi, le P. L. M., aux mains des Rothschild et de Paulin Talabot (1799-1885), s’unit avec François Bartholoni (1796-1881), du Paris-Orléans (Sud-Ouest), contre le Grand Central du duc de Morny et des Pereire qui les menace.
Ce sont les Pereire qui sortent vaincus de l’affrontement ; en 1867, ils démissionnent de la direction de leur propre banque, le Crédit mobilier.
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